4 J. F. Campbell— 0/i TLimalayan Glaciation. [No. 1, 



and a passing traveller cannot hope unaided to unravel the complications of 

 beds which I see here. I saw another folded E. — W. section to-day in a 

 river bank. I do not therefore concern myself with that kind of geology 

 which belongs to your department. I confine myself to marks of glaciation 

 with which I have made myself familiar. About Lat. 30° 31' I have found 

 none in India thus far. 



10. I have looked carefully for sea-margins along the foot of hills. All 

 round Scandinavia, in Scotland, in "the Labrador", and in many other 

 countries, " terraces''' nearly parallel to the existing sea level mark old sea 

 levels before the land was last raised. The form is very conspicuous, and 

 the cause of it is often manifested by the discovery of recent shells in 

 the sand and mud in which they died. I looked from Pathankote west- 

 wards, and saw the outline of the hills fade gradually into the plains at an 

 angle of about five degrees. There was no semblance of a raised sea mar- 

 gin towards Kashmir. I have seen nothing like a " terrace" on the lower 

 hills towards Hirdwar or beyond it. I never read of the discovery of re- 

 cent sea shells anywhere in these regions. There is nothing hereabouts to 

 suggest the agency of " floating ice" in lake or sea, or of lake or sea to 

 float anything in. 



11. But as avalanches do fall into these Indian rivers, and make 

 snow bridges, fragments of hard snow, or of glaciers, may possibly float 

 down streams, and carry stones on ice rafts. Thus far I have seen no stones 

 to suggest that possible method of transport by floating ice. The glaciers 

 of which I have photographs are full of fallen stones, angular as they were 

 when they broke from the cliffs. I have not seen one such stone in any 

 river course that I have crossed. All the river stones are rolled. 



12. From my recent observations I see no reason to assume any great 

 difference in this climate since the Sivaliks were deposited ; since many 

 kinds of extinct elephants lived hereabouts, with large saurians, like those 

 which live in plain rivers now. I have found nothing to indicate a glacial 

 period in India. What I noticed in travelling round the world you will find 

 in the " circular notes" quoted above of which copies were at Bombay and 

 Simla when I passed. 



13. Kangra, 20th. — I passed yesterday over ridges which have been 

 called " moraines." My way led down stream to a fork, and then up 

 stream to a level country. The gorge is manifestly cut by the river, and 

 gives a section of beds of sandstone with a northerly dip. I noticed some 

 large, rounded stones in the sandstone and some were " horse tooth" gra- 

 nite. Consequently the transport of such stones went on during the forma- 

 tion of these tilted beds. Near the top of the gorge I came to a thick bed 

 of large rolled stones of many kinds. The bed seems to rest unconforma- 

 bly on the sandstones, on both sides of the river and to cover a considerable 



