1877.] J. F. Campbell — On Himalayan Olaciation. 5 



area tliougli generally hidden beneath the soil. At a place called " Cowlee" 

 I found a great number of very large stones in and about a river, 

 which is crossed by a bridge. They arc far larger than any that I 

 have found elsewhere. I measured one roughly 12 x 8 x 8 feet, and 

 another 15 feet long. Many thousands of stones near this size have 

 been washed out of the matrix which is hard reddish sandy stuff like the 

 soil of the fields. As stones of this great size give reason to suspect glacial 

 action, I sought carefully for marks. I went to the banks from which 

 stones projected and found the surfaces where newly exposed, perfectly pre- 

 served. These were all smooth, or dinted, water- worn surfaces. There 

 was no sign of striation on any stone that I examined. After a long search 

 I came to the conclusion that these great stones were rolled to their present 

 resting-place, and that this is not a " moraine," but a " Delta." 



Near Kangra a view is got which shews that the region crossed, in which 

 these unusually large stones occur so abundantly, is the estuary of a number of 

 streams which come out of a rocky amphitheatre furrowed by steep \J water- 

 courses, which begin at the top of the ridge, at the snow. From each of 

 the larger furrows, extends a ridge of stuff which has been taken for a 

 moraine. I am quite certain that I crossed no moraines. An old " mo- 

 raine" consists of angular stones carried upon the surface of a glacier ; of 

 stuff carried in the ice ; and of stones pushed along beneath the ice. There 

 are medial and lateral moraines ; the terminal moraine forms at the end of a 

 glacier and makes a crescent-shaped rampart crossing a valley. It often 

 forms a lake, like a " bund." In these long ridges which I can see from 

 this dak bungalow, there is nothing like the shape of any kind of moraine. 

 In crossing them I saw no large angular blocks ; no small angular stuff ; 

 no striated stones, great or small. I caii see minute details of the great hill 

 face opposite to me, and there is no smoothed gorge there which could pos- 

 sibly have been the bed of a large glacier. From ridge to base the gorges 

 are angular furrows, between ridges of extraordinary sharpness and steep- 

 ness, in which the minutest details are picked out in snow, and in shadow. 

 I can only see two small smooth patches on which small glaciers of the 

 second or third order may have rested high up. I am quite certain that 

 the " Kangra erratics" are large " pebbles" washed out of the " Cads," by 

 heavy floods. Stones larger than any that I have yet seen, are nearer to 

 the mountains but they are all rounded. I can hear of no angular blocks, 

 and I have seen none. What water may do in moving stones, is matter 

 of observation and calculation. When a reservoir burst some years ago in 

 England, the water swept away mills and machinery houses, and ever^^thing 

 that stood in the way of the flood. I know many cases of extraordinary 

 effects produced by unusual causes of this kind. The force of water de- 

 pends upon the volume and velocity. Here the velocity must be extreme 



