G J. F. Campbell — On Himalnyan Glaciation. [No. 1, 



for tlie fall is very rapid. The nearer to the hills the greater is the velocity 

 The weight of a stone in water is less by the weight of water displaced. 

 The rainfall at Dhurmsala is 102 inches yearly. From the position of this 

 high ridge at the edge of the plains the rainfall must be exceptionally great. 

 A warm rain falling on deep snow causes an exceptional flood. I know a case 

 in which such a combination worked havoc in Scotland. I cannot measure 

 the area of the basin which I see, but it is large. From its exceeding 

 steepness the water which falls into it, must gather, and flow out of it sud- 

 denly and with extraordinary volume, velocity, and force. Water power 

 here seems ample, to account for the moving of the unusually large blocks 

 of stone, which have been called " erratics." 



In Java is a volcanic cone 12000 feet high, named Pangerango. A 

 cone is the worst form for collecting water power. Nevertheless at the foot 

 of this cone a stream has dug a gorge, out of which it has shot stones as 

 large as any which I have seen here. There is no question of glacial action 

 in Java. A portion of an inverted hollow cone is good for collecting water 

 power and here is a funnel nearly big enough to hold Pangerango inverted. 

 My opinion is that the Kangra " moraines" are " Deltas" and the " erra- 

 tics" pebbles of large size, proportioned to great water power. The largest 

 are nearest to the parent rock. 



14. I found some beds of rolled stones yesterday in a hard matrix, so 

 old that the pebbles had decomposed. Granite crumbled to sand at a touch ; 

 quartzite and slates broke to angular fragments at a tap from a hammer. 

 This bed forms part of one of these so called " moraines." I suspect that 

 it will be found to form part of the " Sivaliks" undisturbed. The place 

 is not far from Kangra, near a river, at a place where a cutting has been 

 made for a road. If I am right in this the same conditions have endured 

 here since the deposition of these coarse pebble beds, and there has been no 

 " glacial period" here since then. 



15. I am one of those who believe that rock basins, which hold or 

 have held water, commonly are glacial marks. The absence of lakes from 

 these regions is evidence against glacial action. It has been said that de- 

 pression at the upper end of a river valley, or elevation at the lower end 

 may account for lakes like those of the Italian Alps, Here, in the dip 

 of the Sivaliks, is evidence of such a movement ; but there are no lakes, 

 and I have seen nothing like old lake bottoms any where in these mountains. 



I am therefore confirmed in my opinion, that the Alpine lakes and 

 Scandinavian fjords, and Scotch "lochs" are marks made by ancient glaciers 

 of vast size, like those of Greenland. I have seen nothing that bears the 

 smallest resemblance to any of these, the largest glacial marks that I know, 

 here in the lower ranges of the Himalayas. What evidence there may be 

 of the former extension of existing Himalayan glaciers, nearer to them, I 



