8 J. F. Campbell — On Hiinalayan Olaciation. [No. 1, 



with a snow patch full of big stones about 10,000 feet higher, and four or 

 five miles distant. I am quite certain that no glacier, big enough to carry 

 these stones, passed over the bed rock, whose surface is . well preserved ; 

 below the dak bunglow at Dhada and under the stuJffi. 



17. Yesterday, 2Srd. — I crossed the big stone deposit close to the foot 

 of the mountains, about four miles from the ridge, and 12,000 feet below the 

 crest. I walked eleven miles carefully examining surfaces on stones of all 

 sorts and sizes. I could not find one striated stone on the whole march. 

 I found that granite pebbles as large as corn stacks abound, opposite to the 

 longer and larger gorges which come from the snowy crest, and have the 

 greatest fall. I found none of the kind or shape between these longer 

 gorges, in the jaws of ravines which begin in nearer hill tops. These being 

 slaty, send down slates of sorts, and the ground is covered with flat stones. 

 I conclude that the ground which slopes from these hills to Kangra, is 

 covered by a compound delta, arranged by water flowing from the whole 

 series of streams which I crossed in walking eleven miles yesterday. I was 

 unable to find any trace of glacial action at ten to fifteen miles from the 

 base, or at the very base of the hills in this district. 



18. From here I have made a careful drawing of one of three or four 

 high patches on which small glaciers may have rested. New snow makes 

 them conspicuous fi^om a distance. The rocks below them are smoother than 

 elsewhere, and large stones rest on the rocks. These piles of stone have 

 the look of terminal moraines in the snow. They end at about 14,000 feet 

 above the sea-level, or 10,000 above this lower slope. I suppose that small 

 glaciers once lay on these shelves, and that the climate has altered so as to 

 destroy them. Far lower down I have seen hereabouts old snow resting 

 in rock " gulches." In the Alps such places are " couloirs" and " chimneys." 

 As a case to illustrate the effect of such conditions ; I was hunting chamois 

 many years ago in Switzerland, opposite to the Shreckhorn, and came to 

 one of these steep narrow snow slopes. My guide told me to hurry over it. 

 I was scarce landed on the rocks when a mass of big stones rolled and 

 bounded past, with great and increasing velocity. Thin slaty stones had 

 got on edge, and whirled past like flying wheels. They came from a small 

 glacier like those of which I seem to see the beds on these Kangra hills ; 

 and they never stopped till they got to a large glacier, nine miles wide 

 and twelve to fourteen miles long, which was some thousands of feet below 

 us, in a valley. 



That glacier was slowly carrying masses of fallen stones towards the 

 Grimsel. Thence down to Interlaken all marks of enormous glaciation 

 abound. A hot sun started the stone avalanche, by melting ice which 

 supported the stones, on a small terminus moraine. This Kangra ridge 

 is somewhat like the Shreckhorn at the top, and stone avalanches must 



