1877.] J. F. Campbell — 0)i Himalayan Glaciation. 9 



often roll down on hard snow packed in narrow gulches. I notice that 

 many of the largest stones have something like the shape of mill stones, 

 and rest on a flat side. I think it possible that men may have seen the 

 arrival of some of them, and that tradition ascribes their speed to " Shiv." 

 I ascribe it to gravitation. 



19. In the Alps and in Scandinavia I have seen many snow avalanches 

 fall from steep hills, like those which I see from this house. If many 

 square miles of a hill face, were swept of snow by a slide, like the roof of a 

 house in a thaw, the snow avalanche here would certainly block up a deep 

 water-course, form a " bund," and accumulate water power. In this hot 

 sunny region a snow dam could not last. I am told by natives that big 

 lumps of hard snow are washed down to my road of yesterday. Ice dams 

 have formed and burst in the Alps within human memory, and the result 

 in the transport of rubbish was enormous. Not long ago an earthquake 

 and heavy rains sent down from Mount Ararat a mass of snow, ice, mud, 

 and debris, which flowed for twelve miles along a valley of less slope than 

 the Kangra slopes below me, and carried enormous blocks of stone as far as 

 they have been carried here. The great ridge above me has much snow on 

 it, and may have had small glaciers high up, though no large glaciers have 

 left marks on the hills. Causes like those which I have here indicated 

 fttUy account for this big stone formation. Some probably rolled down 

 ■upon snow slopes, in gulches, and rolled on over the slopes of deltas. 

 Others may have been rolled down on the bursting of snow " bunds," and 

 may have been washed down normal slopes of gravel and sand by abnormal 

 floods. A thunderstorm, or an earthquake may have helped in a region 

 where the rainfall is said to be 102 inches, and where it may have been as 

 great as it is elsewhere. A combination of such causes at long intervals, 

 accounts for groups of large stones which I find here and there. Being 

 exceptionally large and numerous, these seem to require exceptional condi- 

 tions. 



In any case I am quite certain that there is nothing on the ground 

 which I have crossed to indicate the former presence of large glaciers on 

 the Kangra slopes ; either at 12 to 15 miles from the base of the high 

 rido"e or at the base of it, or in the jaws of ravines which come from the 

 crest of it, at Dhada, and elsewhere on my road thence to Bhagsu. 



20. One of my objects in coming to India was to see for myself whether 

 I could discover any trace of the " Ice cap.'' Theoretically, during a 

 glacial period, a crust of ice ten thousand feet thick came from the north 

 pole, and went to the equator. If it did it came down the Himalayan 

 slopes. I have now seen in India enough of jagged sierras, and of ravines 

 of enormous depth and sharpness, of which many run from east to west, to 

 convince me that no ice cap has crossed this region from north to south 



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