1877.] Knowledge of the Burmese Flora. 171 



Vernonia. Flower-heads various, the bracts in many rows, scarious or the outer 

 ones sometimes Icafy-appendag-ed. Receptacle naked or areolate. Achenos 10-ribbed 

 or 4 — 5-cornered. Outer pappus as long as the inner, or shorter, very short, or none. 

 Bhrubs or herbs. 



Trih. II. GYNAROGEPHAL^, Vaill. Florets either regular and 

 tubular with the style usually thickened joint-like near or at the apex, or 

 bilabiate with the styles various. Herbs, rarely shrubs, not aromatic. 

 Anther-base usually tailed or fringed. 



Subtrib. 10. CYNAROIDEJE. Flower-heads discoid, the florets all tubular and 

 regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite, the lobes usually narrow. Anthers usually fring- 

 ed or tailed at the base. Style usually thickened joint-Hke at or below the division 

 into branches, which latter are narrow and obtuse, or slightly pointed and often erect* 

 Leaves alternate, often spiny. 



* Flower-heads usually many -flowered, separate. 



X Achenes usually glabrous, seated in the very oblique or lateral areoles 

 of the receptacle. {Centaurece .) 

 -f Involucre without floral leaves or outer leafy bracts. 

 Tricholepis. Involucre-bracts narrow, awned-acuminate, entire, not appendaged". 

 Filaments shortly papillose-pilose. Anthers with rather long shaggy tails. Style - 

 branches thin. Achenes glabrous, obtusely cornered or compressed. Leaves unarmed. 

 + + Involucre surrounded by spiny-toothed floral leaves or outer 

 leafy bracts. 

 Carthamus. Outer involucral bracts with a large leafy appendage, inner ones 

 spiny-pointed. Florets orange. Pappus none, or paleaceous. Achenes compressed o? 

 obtusely cornered. Leaves spiny-armed. 



X X Achenes usually glabrous, seated in the straight areoles of the 

 receptacle. {Cardiiinece) . 

 + Filaments papillose-pilose, free. Bristles of pappus united at 

 the base into a ring and both deciduous. 

 Cnicus. Outer involucre bracts usually spiny armed, the innermost ones often 

 unarmed. Receptacle densely covered with rigid bristles often longer than the achenes 

 themselves. Bristles of pappus feathery or shortly bearded. Leaves spiny-armed. 

 + + Filaments glabrous, free. 

 Saussurea. Involucre not prickly. Pappus of numerous feathery bristles in a 

 single row with or without a few simple ones outside. Receptacle with bristles between 

 the florets. Leaves not armed. 



* * Flower-heads \-Jlowered, paclced into dense S2)herical heads. Achenes inserted 



in the straight areoles of the receptacle, silky-villous (Echinopsidae). 



EcHiNOPS. Leaves and involucres spiny-armed. Thistle-like herbs. 



Subtrib. IL MUTISIACEJE. Flower-heads either heterogamous, with radiating 

 female florets, or homogamous, with the florets all hermaphrodite and tubular, in 'both 

 cases some or all of the outer florets more or less 2-lipped. Anthers with pointed or 

 tailed base. Style not or slightly thickened joint-Hke at the apex, the branches very 

 short or elongate, rounded or truncate at the tips, not appendaged. Pappus bristly,, 

 paleaceous or rarely absent. Leaves radical or alternate, rarely opposite. 



* Flower-heads homogamous, the corollas tubular with the segments of limb narrow^. 



equal or almost 1-lipped. (Gochnatieae). 

 X Flower-heads usually many -flowered. 



