]50 Eleventh Annual Report 



cipal stand on the hills. It is the most frequently associated with 

 the white and black oaks. Often in our area the greater part of 

 the trunk is too burly to be used for other than for fuel purposes. 



The published records of the distribution are as follows: Cass 

 (Benedict and Elrod); Carroll (Thompson); Clark (Baird and Tay- 

 lor) and (Smith); Dearborn (Collins); Delaware (Phinney); Dela- 

 ware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Franklin (Raymond) 

 and (Meyncke); Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Wilson); Jay (M'- 

 Caslin); Jefferson (Coulter) and (Young); Knox (Ridgway) and 

 (Thomas); Marion (Wilson); Noble (Van Gorder); Parke (Hobbs); 

 Posey (Schneck); Steuben (Bradner); Vigo (Blatchley); Wabash 

 (Benedict and Elrod). 



Additional records are: Putnam (Grimes) and (MacDougal); 

 Tippecanoe (Coulter) ; Delaware, Owen, Posey and Warren (Deam) 



Economic uses. Wood and uses similar to that of the shell bark 

 hickory. 



BETULACACEi^:. The Birch Family. 



Trees or shrubs with watery juice; leaves alternate (in pairs on 

 the older branches of Betula,) pinnately-veined ; flowers of two 

 kinds, the staminate in long catkins, 1-3 together, the pistillate in 

 short catkins; fruit a nut or samara. 



Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, 

 without a calyx, pistillate flowers with a calyx; 

 nut more or less inclosed in the involucral bracts, 

 wingless. 

 Staminate aments in winter enclosed with bud scales; 

 bark of tree smooth and close, gray; pistillate in- 

 volucral bracts foliaceous at maturity,, flat, and 



more or less irregularly 3-cleft 1 Carpinus. 



Staminate aments naked in winter, appearing in threes 

 at the ends of the branches; bark of trimk shreddy, 

 grayish-brown; pistillate bracts growing together 



at maturity and enclosing the nut 2 Ostrya. 



Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a 



calyx, pistillate without a calyx; nut winged. 



Stamens 2, pistillate aments solitary, hop-like and 



papery at maturity; winter-buds covered with 



scales; bark on old trees separating in flakes or 



scales 3 Betula. 



Stamens 4, pistillate aments racemose, woody at ma- 

 turity; winter buds without scales; bark on old 

 trees not separating in flakes 4 Alnus. ^ 



