32 L. de Niceville — Butterflies of the subgenus Tronga. [No. 1, 



(1897) ; id., de Niceville and Martin, Journ. A.S.B., vol. Ixiv, pfc. 2, p. 370, n. 19 (1895) ; 

 Tronga crameri hremeri, Frahstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeifcsch., vol. xliii, p. 188 (1898), 



Habitat: Malay Peninsula (i^^eZ^er) ; Malayan Peninsula; India; 

 Assam and Nepal (sic !) ; Malacca ; Province Wellesley ; Penang; Singa- 

 pore ; Borneo ; Sumatra (Butler) ; Borneo ; Peninsula Malayica {Bruce) ; 

 Billiton ; Borneo ; Malacca (^Gochnan and Salvin) ; Assam ; Burma ; 

 Province Wellesley ; Malacca ; Tenasserin (Distant) ; Mergui Archi- 

 pelago ; Penang; Malacca; Singapore; Borneo; Sumatra ( Mar^/iaZZ and 

 de Niceville) ; Akyab, July (Marshall) ; Moulmain, June ; Moumagan in 

 Tavoy, September (Adamson) ; Deli on the east coast of Sumatra ; 

 Banka Island ; Farther Itidia ; Malacca (Eagen) ; Samarinda in Borneo 

 (Pagenstecher) ; Malacca ; Sumatra; India (Butler) ; Province Wellesley ; 

 Tavoy ; Mergui, December to March, very common ; Akyab, July ; 

 Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago, Decem- 

 ber to March; Malay Peninsula (Moore)-, Tavoy coast, September, 

 common; Moulmain, one pair, June (Adamson); N.-E. Sumatra, plains 

 to 1,500 feet (de Niceville and Martin); Malacca; Sumatra; Natuna 

 Isles (Fruhstorfer) . 



I consider this species to be a synonym of T. crameri^ Lucas. It is 

 extremely variable ; Dr. Moore has devoted an entire plate to it in his 

 Lep. Ind., which shews a few of these variations. Even its male 

 secondary sexual characters are inconstant, as in Sumatra I have 

 recorded that a few specimens have on the upperside of the forewing a 

 short, sometimes quite a long and distinct, brand in the submedian 

 interspace. These examples do not fit into Dr. Moore's definition of his 

 genus Tro7iga, which is described and usually does not possess a sexual- 

 mark or scent-producing organ. But these aberrant examples are 

 certainly not distinct as species from the more common typical specimens 

 of T. hremeri. This brand is sometimes present and sometimes absent 

 in other species of Euploea, as will be noticed hereafter. T. hremeri has 

 been recorded from Assam and Nepal by Dr. Butler, but is not found 

 further north than Akyab in Upper Burma. 



4. Tronga prauenfeldh, Felder. 



Euplcea frauenfeldii, Felder, Verb, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii, p. 479, 

 n. 87 (1862) ; idem, id., Eeise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 342, n. 474, pi, xli, fig. 4, male 

 (1865) ; id., Marshall and de Niceville, Batt. Ind. Burmah and Ceylon, vol. i, p. 83, 

 n. 66 (1882); id., de Niceville, Journ. A.S.B., vol. Ixviii, pt. 2, p. 178 (1899); 

 E. frauenfeldi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soo. Lond., 1866, p. 453 ; idem, id., Journ. Linn. 

 Soc. Lond., Zool., vol. xiv, p. 300, n, 19 (1878). 



Habitat: Ceylon (Felder); Ceylon (Marshall and de Niceville) ; 

 Nicobar Isles (de Niceville) ; Ceylon (Butler) ; Trincomalee (Butler). 



