1890.] Relations between the Hills and Plains of Northern India. 



Names of pairs 



of 



6 



"a 



.9 



Moan maximum tem- 

 perature for January, 



of maxi- 

 tempera- 

 he plain 

 stations. 



rate of 

 f temper- 

 •tically at 

 jst period 

 day per 

 t. 



stations. 





§-i 



CD 







g ■*"-! 



o S^ _ o 







g ^ 





Hill 



Plain 



is1-i&H2l| 







i 



.2 



station. 



station. 



liliiiiliJ 







p 



« 







Quetta 

 Jacobabad 



\ 



5300 



163 



51-6° 



73-3° 



21-7° 



41° 



Murree 

 Rawalpindi 



] 



4700 



30 



47-8° 



633» 



15-5" 



33° 



Simla 

 Ludhiana 



} 



6200 



80 



512° 



67-6° 



16-4° 



2-7° 



Chakrata 

 Roorkee 



j 



6200 



58 



50- P 



69-4° 



19-3° 



3L° 



Ranikhet 

 Bareilly 



\ 



5500 



90 



540° 



701° 



161° 



2 9° 



Dhnbri 

 Darjeeling 



] 



7300 



116 



44-3** 



73-4° 



291° 



40° 



Deesa 

 Mount Abu 



} 



3500 



40 



671° 



82-2° 



15-1° 



4 3° 



Paclimarhi 



\ 















Hoshangabad 



2500 



48 



70-6° 



80-1° 



95° 



3-8° 



A full description of these observatories and of the more important 

 local peculiarities of exposure will be found in Mr. Blanford's Report on 

 the Meteorology of India for 1885. It will suffice here to point out 

 that both Ranikhet and Simla are situated at some distance within the 

 first line of hills, whereas Murree and Chakrata are practically on the 

 crest of the first line of elevations overlooking the plains. Assuming these 

 as more typical of the relations between hills and plains, the preceding 

 data shew that in Upper India the temperature near the hills decreases 

 vertically with elevation at the hottest time of the day in the month of 

 January very nearly 3° in 1000 feet up to a height of 7000 feet at least. 

 The remarkably low day temperature at Darjeeling during this period as 

 shewn by the table appears to be due to the following causes, of which 

 the first is probably the most influential. 



1st. — The great humidity and large amount of fog at that station 

 (as in the Eastern Himalayan districts generally) in January, in 

 which respects it contrasts strikingly with the hill stations of 

 Upper India, where the air is, except in stormy weather, very 

 dry and clear. 

 2nd. — The contiguity of the immense snow mass of Kanchinjunga 

 and neighbouring mountains, which include some of the highest 

 peaks in the Himalayas. This area embraces an enormous ex- 

 tent of snow covered ground, the southern edge of which (in 

 summer) is at a distance as the crow flics of not more than 30 



