1899.] L. do Nic^villc— Li6'^ oj the Batterjlics of Ceylon. 219 



168. Hebomoia australis, Butler. 



Moore as H. glaucippe, Linnaeus. Dr. Butler in Ann. and Mag. of 

 Niit. Hist., seventh series, vol. i, p. 290, n. 2 (1898) has separated off tlie 

 South Indian and Ceylonese II. australis from the North-Bastcrn India, 

 Burma, Malay Peninsula, and China H. glaucippe. The male is almost 

 identical with II. javanensis, Wallace, from Java, but is smaller than 

 H. glaucippe ; the female differs fi'oin H. jdvanensis, and both sexes from 

 II. glaucippe by the great reduction, and in some cases almost complete 

 absence, of the black line separating the apical orange patch from tlie 

 basal half of the forewiiig on the upperside. H. australis is abundant in 

 tlie low hills of Ceylon, occurring very occasionally at Colombo; it is 

 very common at Kandy. The female is much scarcer than the male. 

 The larva feeds on Capparis and in South India also on Cratseva. 



169. HuPHiNA NERissA, Fabricius. 



Moore as H. pJiryne, Fabricius, and H. zeuxippe, Cramer. Dr. Butler 

 in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist,, seventh series, vol. iii, p. 211, n. 46 

 (1899), gives II. pJiryne with Papilio evagete, Cramer, P. zeiixippe, Cramer, 

 P. cassida, Fabricius, and H. pallida, Swinhoe, as synonyms, from India., 

 Ceylon and Java. On page 211, n. 47, under H. hira, Moore, he gives Pieris 

 copia, Wallace, and Appias dapJia, Moore, as synonyms, from Burma. On 

 page 212, n. 53, he gives H. nerissa, with Papilio amasene, Cramer, and 

 P. coronis, Cramer, as synonyms, from Nepal, Darjeeling, Tonkin and 

 China. Mr. de Niceville arranges the names quite differently. Under 

 II. nerissa from Ceylon, India, Burma, Indo-Chiiia, China and Hainan 

 Island he gives P. pliryne, P. amasene, P. coronis^ P. evagete, P. zeuxippe, 

 P. cassida, P. hira, P. copia, A. dapha, and H. pallida, as synonyms, 

 thus uniting under one the three species kept distinct by Dr. Butler. 

 The conclusions de Niceville arrives at are these : — E. nerissa, the parent 

 form (as being the first described) of this group of the genus, has the 

 ground-colour of the underside of the hind wing white, and is found 

 in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma, Indo-China, South China, 

 Hong-Kong and Hainan. Absolute synonyms are P. amasene and 

 A. dapha. In Nepal (probably), Sikkim, Assam, and Aracan where it 

 meets typical H. phryne, with the hindwing on the underside some shade 

 of yellow or sandy buff, the two races intermingle, this connecting link 

 being P. copia, and it is impossible, especially in the female sex, to say 

 to which race certain specimens should be apportioned. Were it not 

 so, the two races might be kept as distinct species, as east of the 

 Eastern Himalyas to Hainan Island the race is constantly II. nerissa 

 (except at Shillong in Assam and at Chittagong in Aracan, North 

 Burma, where veiy typical specimens of H. phryne are found), while 

 J. II. 28 



