120 EEV. G. C. H. POLLEN ON THE [Feb. 1 898, 



Mr. p. p. Pennant, J. P., of Nantlys, also gave me full permission 

 to make excavations in the valley below the cave, and to make a 

 new section of the floor of Ffynnon Beuno cave, in order that we 

 might compare the various materials there with those which we 

 had dug out. 



Finally, I cannot refrain from tendering my thanks to the other 

 theological students of ISt. Beuno's College, who have actively assisted 

 me with spade and pick. To one in particular, the Rev. E. R. Hull, 

 S.J., I am indebted, not only for most energetic manual labour, but 

 also for carefully measuring and preparing all the plans and sections 

 brought before the Geological Society. 



A view showing the exposed entrance to Ty Newydd Caves was 

 given by Prof. T. McK. Hughes in the paper already mentioned.^ 

 No excavation was, however, undertaken at that time. 



Owing to the proximity of Ty Newydd Cottage, we were unable 

 to approach the cave from the exposed front, but we had to make 

 a cutting and tunnel through the solid rock from the hillside above. 

 This work occupied the whole winter of 1896-97, and it was not 

 till March that we could begin the actual exploration. 



Ty Newydd Caves are on the northern slope of a hill of Car- 

 boniferous Limestone called Y Graig or Graig Tremeirchion. This 

 rock projects forward from the range of Denbighshire Grits and 

 Wenlock Shales which form the north-eastern side of the Yale 

 of Clwyd. Immediately to the east there are two hills 800 feet 

 high, both less than a mile distant. The Graig, which is 595 

 feet high, is joined to these by a ridge which descends to 520 feet. 

 On the other three sides there is an uninterrupted view across the 

 Clwyd Yalley. 



The whole hillside and vaUey round the Graig are covered with 

 Boulder Clay, containing frequent specimens of quartzite, pink 

 granite, and other rocks which were recognized by Dr. Hicks as un- 

 doubtedly from the Lake District or Scotland. The Graig itself is 

 almost bare rock, thinly covered with turf, under which, in all the 

 hollows and pockets that we have explored, we have found scattered 

 stones of Denbighshire Grit and other local material, very clearly 

 striated, also some Arenig felslones, flint, quartzite, etc. 



On the northern side there is a steep descent to a little brook, which 

 flows at an elevation of 300 feet through Ffynnon Beuno Farm and 

 the grounds of Bryn Bella. On the opposite side of the stream, 

 and exactly facing Ty Newydd Caves, are the former excavations of 

 Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn. 



The entrance to Ty Newydd Caves is hidden from the valley by a 

 wall of rock, the space between this and the caves having been 

 quarried away about 50 years ago. In this wall there is a small 

 cave running down towards the valley. This may be a continuation 

 of our tunnel, but we have had no opportunity of examining it. 



The present part of the cave exposed appears to be the back of a 



: P. ia2,fig. 7. 



