Vol. 54.] THE GLACIAL QEOLOGF OF SPITSBERGEN. 197 



16. Contributions to the Glacial Geologt of Spitsbergen. By 

 E. J. Garwood, M.I., F.G.S., & J. W. Gregory, D.Sc, F.G.S. 

 (Read February 2nd, 1898.) 



[Plates XIII-XIX.] 



Contents. 



Page 



I. Introduction 197 



IT. The Glaciers and their Action 200 



III. The Deposits of the G-laciers 208 



(1) Normal Moraines of the Swiss type. 



(2) Moraines formed of Intraglacial Material. 



(3) Moraines formed of Redeposited Beach-materiak 



(4) Glacial Gravels. 



IV. Marine Ice and its Action 213 



(1) The Transportation of Material. 



(2) The Contortion of Shore-deposits. 



(3) Shore-ridges and Boulder-terraces. 



(4) The Striation, Bounding, and Furrowing of Rocks. 



V. Traces of Former Glaciation 216 



VI. Some General Conclusions 217 



(1) Land-ice versus Sea-ice. 



(2) The Transmarine Passage of Glaciers. 



(3) The Uphill Flow of Glaciers. 



(4) The Uplift of Material and Land-ice. 



(5) The Flow of Glaciers. 



(G) The Transport of Material. 



(7) Glacial Gravel-hills. 



(8) Differential Flow in Glaciers, and the Striation of 



Intraglacial Material. 



(9) The Evidence for Interglacial Periods. 



(10) Glacial Erosion. 



(11) Glacial Periods as a Result of Epeirogenic Movements. 

 Map 201 



I. Introduction. 



On June 17th, 1896, the tercentenary of the discovery of Spits- 

 bergen by Barentz, we first sighted the western coast of the 

 great island, the unknown interior of which Sir Martin Conway's 

 expedition had been organized to explore. The sea was strewn 

 with floes, which barred direct approach to the shore, and the 

 incidents of the passage through the ice helped us to realize that 

 we were 13° north of the Arctic Circle, far within the area which, 

 according to a once popular theory, was formerly buried beneath a 

 massive cap of ice. Bat the first near view of the land was 

 calculated to destroy whatever faith we might have had in the 

 former existence of a north polar ice-cap. For the sharp, serrated 

 ridges of Mount Starashchin (see PI. XIX, fig. 2) and Dodman Den, 

 which guard the entrance to Ice Fiord, indicate that Western Spits- 

 bergen has not at any recent time been wholly submerged beneath 

 Q. J. G. S. No. 214. p 



