^10 ME. E. J. GARWOOD & DR. J. W. GREGORY [May 1 898, 



These deposits are not always regularly stratified, for they may 

 be laid down in contorted masses. An instance of the formation of 

 such contorted drifts was afforded by the Eeiper Glacier, in which 

 the basal layers of ice and the debris-bands were contorted by 

 lateral pressure. On the melting of the ice, its included material 

 is evidently dropped into false-bedded and contorted layers. 



(3) Moraines formed of redeposited Beach- material 



occurred in most of the principal valleys at the point where the 

 glaciers had at one time entered the sea. There is one in Advent 

 Dale, below the junction with De Geer Valley. But the moraine 

 of this group to which we devoted the most careful examination is 

 situated along the south-eastern face of Ivory Glacier. That moraine 

 forms a series of conical hills of gravel, composed almost entirely 

 of pebbles and sand ; a few boulders occurred in it, and there were 

 numerous broken shells, blocks of driftwood, and fragments of 

 whalebones. As a rule the deposit was unstratified, but in places 

 the streams that flowed from the face of the glacier had re-sorted 

 some of the material. 



In this Ivory Glacier moraine, although most of the materials 

 have come from shore-deposits, land-ice is alone responsible for 

 their present arrangement. Bub where a glacier has reached the 

 sea, water plays a more important part and the materials are 

 stratified. At Cape Lyell there are the remains of an old moraine 

 in which the materials are stratified and very false-bedded : the 

 deposits appear to have been arranged by tidal action at the foot of 

 the glacier. The well-developed stratification of the beds on the 

 western side of the great moraine in Advent Dale was probably 

 similarly produced. 



Mr. Lamont ^ has described a moraine in Deeva Bay, and Col. 

 Feilden another at the head of Green Harbour, both of which may 

 belong to this group. Feilden calls the latter a ' subaqueous 

 moraine,' and says * I have no doubt that this moraine was formed 

 under water.' ^ But in a second description of the moraine he adds 

 that the beds do not show any sign of stratification ; ^ and we must 

 confess to a doubt, as to whether mixed materials can be deposited 

 on a large scale in shallow water, and exposed to the strong tides of 

 a Spitsbergen fiord, without showing some ' sign of stratification.' 



(4) Glacial Gravels. 



One of the most remarkable observations made by Nansen during 

 his traverse of Greenland was the insignificant part which water 



1 Jas. Lament, ' Notes about Spitsbergen in 1859,' Quart. Journ. Geol. 

 Soc. vol. xvi (1860) p. 431. 



2 H. W. Feilden, 'A Subaqueous Moraine,' Glac. Mag. vol. ii (1894) p. 4. 



^ Id., 'Notes on the Glacial Geology of Arctic Europe & its Islands, 

 Pt. II,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lii (1896) p. 740. 



