214 ME. E. J. GARWOOD & DR. J. W. GREGORY [^ay 1 898, 



distance up the beach. The shore-deposits are often frozen hard, 

 and weighted by a load of ice and snow ; hence the pressure of the 

 stranding ice results in a greater lateral movement of the materials 

 than would happen if the beds were loose and incoherent, or were 

 free to yield by increasing in thickness. 



A second result of the stranding of floating ice is the formation 

 of bars at the entrance to bays. The bays often remain frozen over 

 until much later in the season than the open fiords or sea. Thus 

 Advent Bay was almost entirely covered by fast ice early in July, 

 when Ice Piord contained only loose drift-ice. Advent Bay is 

 situated at an angle in Ice Piord, where the shore, after a long 

 east-and-west course, makes a bold sweep to the north-east. The 

 prevailing winds blow up the fiord, and they accordingly drive the 

 ice along the stretch of straight shore-line, and pack it into the 

 angle by Advent Bay. As the ice grinds along the shore it pushes 

 the beach-material eastward, until it has formed a bar which juts 

 out for a third of the distance across the bay. The bar has been 

 strengthened by the accumulation of river-borne sediment in the 

 dead water behind it, and by the packing of shore-material by 

 stranding ice in front. Most of Advent Point is now above sea- 

 level, but its low, flat surface shows that it has been at one time 

 cut down by marine denudation. At Lomme Bay is a similar bar, 

 of which an admirable photograph has been taken by Mr. Leigh 

 Smith : the bar in this case is narrower than that at Advent Bay, 

 so that stranding ice can ride across it, and plane down the ridges 

 formed whenever the bar is pinched by heavy pack-ice. 



The height on the shore to which action of sea-ice extends is, 

 however, comparatively small. We were unable during our short 

 stay to determine the maximum height to which ice can rise ; for 

 on a coast undergoing such rapid elevation as that of Spitsbergen 

 it is impossible to distinguish between the action of ice forced up 

 from the sea at its present level and that of ice which grounded when 

 the land was lower. The crews of the jS'orwegian sloops, whose ex- 

 perience of the Spitsbergen coasts has been gained in many seasons 

 and under diff'erent conditions, all agreed that the coast-ice rarely 

 rises more than about 40 feet above sea-level. Mr. Martin Ekroll, 

 who wintered on the east coast of Spitsbergen and carefully observed 

 glacial action, gave 60 feet as the highest le^'el to which he had 

 seen ice pushed above the sea. 



(3) Shore-ridges and Boulder-terraces. 



Series of raised beaches at diff'erent levels are common in Spits- 

 bergen, and associated with these are two features which may be 

 noticed, as due to the action of shore-ice. 



Between the main raised beach-lines occur numerous small wslvj 

 ridges, which often resemble the ridges between plough-furrows. 

 A few days' observation on shore supplied a simple explanation of 

 their mode of origin. At the end of June the shore of Ice Piord 

 was bounded by a belt of fast ice ; as it melted, a channel of water 

 was formed between it and the shore. When the temperature 



