226 ME. E. J. GAEWOOD & DE. J. W. GEEGOEY [May 1 898, 



Mr. p. F. Kendall said that the paper would mark a distinct 

 epoch in British glacial geology. Hitherto, one body of geologists 

 had attributed the drift-deposits of Britain to the agency of land-ice, 

 while another had invoked the agency of the sea. The latter had 

 argued that glaciers cannot move uphill, that they cannot transport 

 materials from lower to higher levels, that glaciers cannot gather 

 up materials over which they are moving, and that even if they 

 could pick lip shells they would grind them to powder. The Authors 

 have shovt'n that the glaciers of Spitsbergen were actually doing 

 each of these things. In his experience of the Alps he had never 

 failed to find a profusion of scratched stones, and had observed 

 in front of the Gorner Glacier actual striated pavements of well- 

 glaciated boulders showing the ' forced arrangement ' described by 

 Hind. The ability of glaciers to striate englacial materials seemed 

 to be indicated by the fact that, on the surface of the Findelen 

 Glacier, scratched stones had been found (by himself and others) 

 which were being liberated by melting from a gravel-filled crevasse. 

 He had ascribed the striations to chafing in the crevasse by 

 differential movements of the ice. The sharp splintered peaks 

 referred to by the Authors need not imply that they had never 

 been overridden by ice. Mr. G. H. Barton had described similar 

 appearances in the Nugsuak peninsula, where, however, the 

 occurrence of boulders and other indications showed that, though 

 the rocks had been beneath the ice, rapid shattering by frost had 

 destroyed the rounded glacial contours. 



Mr. Maee also spoke. 



Dr. J. W. Geegoet expressed gratitude for the reception of the 

 paper. With regard to the points raised in the discussion, he said 

 that Mr. Kendall's Swiss case of the striation of intraglacial material 

 was noticed in the paper. They had considered the probable 

 destruction of glaciated contours by frost, and Prof. Tarr's sug- 

 gestions as to the preservation of jagged outlines under an ice- 

 sheet ; but they could not understand the sharp boundary between 

 glaciated and non-glaciated slopes, except on the view that the 

 latter had stood out above the ice. They had seen cases of 

 differential movement in glaciers on a great scale, the ice at 

 different levels travelling in different directions. The forward 

 advance of the end of Booming Glacier in spite of the shrinking 

 of the upper part is probably due simply to gravity, the glacier 

 resting on a slope. He agreed with Mr. Hill that the retardation 

 of the advance of the lower layers of the glacier by the talus-bar is 

 unessential, nevertheless he thought that this retardation did take 

 place. 



Mr. Gaewood, in reply to Prof. Bonney, pointed out that, owing 

 to the radial spreading-out of the Ivory Glacier where it debouches 

 onto the flat estuary in Agardh Bay, nothing but the terminal front 

 is visible. In reply to Mr. Hill he observed that, althoug!i the 

 Authors did not rely at all on the retardation of the lower layers of 

 the ice by the accumulated talus for the formation of the vertical 

 fronts, nevertheless they considered that this talus would probably 

 assist in that formation. 



