Vol. 54.] GEOLOGY OF PEANZ JOSEF LAND, 639 



bears carry their prey to a distance, especially the whole of a seal 

 (a complete skeleton was found on the summit of Cape Neale). 



Even where the land is covered with ice it not infrequently 

 happens that ridges and sometimes successive terraces may be seen 

 protruding ; on these have been found many rounded waterworn 

 stones, some indeed being rounded boulders of enormous size, mixed 

 with angular morainic debris (always present in such situations). 

 Many of these terraces may be traced horizontally by the ridges and 

 dimples which they cause in the ice-slopes. 



Well-marked raised beaches occur around the base of Cape Flora. 

 Ten or more may be counted between 8 and 100 feet above sea- 

 level, and the epiphyses of a large whale's vertebrae were found on 

 the highest of them. Other terraces with rounded waterworn 

 stones and pebbles, as well as walrus and seal-bones, are less distinctly 

 visible between 240 and 340 feet above the sea. 



Cape Gertrude has similar well-marked beaches at various 

 heights, and upon one, on the western side at an elevation of 300 feet, 

 large and small rounded waterworn stones, and also seals' bones, 

 were found, with much angular debris. On the eastern side of the 

 valley separating Cape Gertrude from the rest of the high land 

 of Northbrook Island, several terraces are seen between 180 and 

 220 feet above the sea, one of which is continued as a well- 

 marked ridge in the glacier-slope. Farther east a similar ridge 

 of beach is seen on the ice-slope, at an elevation of 220 feet, 

 extending for a mile towards Barents Hook. This ridge is strewn 

 with enormous basaltic boulders, many of which are unmistakably 

 waterworn, being smooth and rounded as if recently subjected to 

 marine action, but showing no traces of glacial striae. Some of 

 these rocky masses are angular, and one, of great size, is a column of 

 basalt 18 feet long and 4 feet in diameter. 



Mabel Island, besides several terraces at lower levels, has on 

 the eastern side, close to the ice-slope, and at an elevation of 

 300 feet, an area, several acres in extent, which is paved with 

 smoothly-rounded, waterworn stones. This is, I have no doubt, a 

 raised beach (see tig. 8, p. 630). It ascends by a gentle slope some 

 20 or 30 feet, to end against the stony bank below the next 

 terrace, which is 410 feet above sea-level. Eidges in the ice-slope 

 to the north suggest that these beaches are continued under the 

 ice. 



Upon Bell Island there are very extensive raised beaches, 

 covering several square miles ; they are for the most part at 

 elevations between 20 and 30 feet above the sea, but a few others 

 rise to as much as 300 feet. Some of these south-west of the 

 rock were visited, and were found to be perfectly defined beaches 

 rising one above another, and covered with well-rounded stones and 

 pebbles. At many other places that were visited similar evidence 

 was found, and among them may be mentioned Capes Grant, ^N^eale, 

 Crowther, Stephen, Forbes, and Mary Harmsworth, as well as Wind- 

 ward Island. Moreover the plateaux of Camp Point, Hooker Island, 

 and Bruce Island, I think, have once been sea-beaches. Water- 



