Vol. 54.] A]S"NIVERSAEY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. IxXXVii 



are not found in horizontal layers, but usually inclined or in 

 disturbed positions : and I was surprised to find, on examining 

 some of them, that those which had been broken were filled by a 

 material quite unlike that in which they were now embedded. 

 This fact, not previously, I think, noticed in any of the other 

 caverns, proves that these bones must have been disturbed by water 

 out of a previous deposit before they were enclosed in the present 

 material. To this point I shall refer again. In this same deposit, 

 or at least below the upper earthy layer in the cavern and in 

 association with the bones of the reindeer, we found a flint imple- 

 ment.' This was examined by Sir John Evans, and stated by him to 

 be a scraper rather than a flake, and to show traces of use along 

 the sides, in addition to being rounded at the end. I have given 

 the quotation in full, as at that time we had no idea of finding 

 another entrance, and it has an important bearing on some of the 

 questions subsequently raised in connexion with the position of the 

 flint-flake found outside the new entrance, and under the Drift. 

 We, at this time, clearly recognized the similarity between the 

 material in the cavern and some of the deposits classed with the 

 Upper Boulder Clay in the area ; and these, as we afterwards found, 

 extended continuously outwards from the buried entrance to form 

 the lower part of the Drift-section exposed in the field beyond. 

 As in the Efynnon Beuno Cave, there were in some places local 

 materials at the base which had not been disturbed ; but the thick 

 stalagmite-floor which had at one time covered the animal remains 

 had been everywhere broken up, and had been scattered about in the 

 Drift along with the bones. Though it is probable that the earlier 

 deposits in this cavern, like those in the Ffynnon Beuno Cave, were 

 first disturbed when the local glaciers reached the valley, it is clear 

 that they were afterwards rather violently re- arranged, at least in 

 part, when the ice from the western and northern areas reached the 

 district. In a former paper I expressed the opinion that the 

 disturbance took place by marine action during submergence ; I now 

 think it may have been done by fresh water near the foot of a glacier 

 which had passed over the sea-bottom. It must be remembered, 

 however, that marine shells are constantly found in the Drift in 

 this area, that a very distinct band containing marine shells in 

 considerable abundance was found in the Drift outside the covered 

 entrance, and that in the lower portion of the section there were 

 very clear signs of stratification. The covered entrance was 

 probably the original or main entrance to the cavern, and it is 

 VOL. Liv. g 



