XCii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May 1 898, 



for a considerable time after the formation of the lower deposit and 

 before it was visited by a marine inundation. The marks of teeth 

 on some of the bones leave little doubt that the cave was inhabited 

 by carnivora ; and the identity of character which exists between 

 the pebbles and silt below the stalagmite, and those of the river in 

 times of flood, points to the river, when having a different relative 

 level with respect to the cave, as the source from which they were 

 derived.' 



Prom this statement it is clear that the stalagmite was formed over 

 the boaes before any of the Northern Drift and sand with marine 

 shells had been carried into the cavern, for the ' rounded pebbles of 

 greywacke,' stated by the liev. E. Stanley ^ to have been found by 

 him under what had previously been considered the floor of the 

 cave, and in association with the bones, was evidently local material 

 only, and like that found in the Pfynnon Beuno Cave under the 

 stalagmite. Had this cavern been formed after the Northern Drift 

 had been deposited on the surface above the cavern, it is clear that 

 some of that drift would have been carried in through the fissures 

 from the first and mixed with the oldest deposit. The higher 

 caverns on this side of the Yale of Clwyd, like those on the east 

 side, were undoubtedly formed before the Glacial period and were 

 occupied by carnivora before the local glaciers had reached them or 

 deposited sufficient material in the valley to enable flood-waters to 

 disturb and re-arrange the materials which they previously contained. 

 At subsequent periods they were subjected to further water-action, 

 and later were probably occupied in part by more recent animals. 



Remains of the following Pleistocene animals have been found in 

 the Cefn Cave: — Elephas antiquus, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, cave- 

 bear, and spotted hyaena. In the cave at Plas Heaton explored by 

 Prof. Hughes and Mr. Heaton, remains of the cave-bear, spotted 

 hyaena, bison, reindeer, and glutton were found. 



Sir A. Pamsay,^ in referring generally to caves containing remains 

 of the extinct mammalia, says, ' There is no doubt that many of 

 these caves date from before the Glacial epoch, and also that the 

 bones of animals found their way into some of them before that 

 period.' Of the Cefn Cave, he says that it must have been ' below 

 the sea during part of the Glacial epoch, for the boulder-beds reach a 

 higher level ; and, with Dr. Falconer, I found fragments of marine 



1 Proc. Geol. Soc. toI. i (1832) p. 402. 



» ' Physical Geol. & Geogr. of Great Britain,' 3rd ed. 1872, p. 18i. 



