Vol. 54.] ANNIVEESAET ADDRESS OF THE TEESIDENT. XCvii 



importance to note that they are invariably found either in or 

 under the Glacial deposits. In his important paper/ Sir H. Howorth 

 has given a careful summary of the evidence then obtainable from 

 Scotland, and he arrives at the conclusion that here, as in all other 

 places in the British Isles, when the remains have not been after- 

 wards disturbed ' the mammoth-beds are in every instance overlain 

 by the Drift, and are never underlain by it.' Sir A. Geikie, in 

 describing the Glacial deposits in Scotland,^ mentions the ' Upper 

 Boulder Clay ' as consisting of ' rudely stratified clays with sands 

 and gravels/ and the 'Till or Lower Boulder Clay ' as 'a stiff, 

 stony, unstratified clay, varying up to 100 feet or more in thickness. 

 Bands of fine sand, finely laminated clays, layers of peat and 

 terrestrial vegetation, with bones of mammoth and reindeer, also 

 in some places fragmentary or entire arctic and boreal marine 

 shells, occur either in the Till or between it and the upper Boulder 

 Clay.' The intercalations of sand, gravel, and clay which frequently 

 occur in the Drift in some areas, are supposed by Prof. J. Geikie to 

 indicate five glacial intervals, separated from each other by four 

 interglacial periods of mild temperature, and he is inclined to the 

 belief that man did not occupy Britain before ' the advent of the 

 second Glacial epoch,' . . . and ' that it is not until we reach the 

 deposits of the second interglacial epoch {Elephas antiquiis-staige) 

 that we encounter abundant and unequivocal traces of man.' He 

 farther states that ' not a trace of Palaeolithic man is forthcoming 

 from any deposit that overlies the morainic and fluvio-glacial 

 accumulations of the third Glacial epoch in North-western Europe.' ^ 

 The latter statement is important, but I cannot agree with hiai as 

 to the period when man first appeared in Britain, and the changes 

 to which Prof. J. Geikie refers as occuriing in the Drift-deposits 

 may be easily accounted for without invoking the aid of warm inter- 

 glacial periods. 



Early Pleistocene Conditions on the East Side of England. 



On the east side of England, as on the west, there were at this 

 time great plains, extending out from the valleys, and much of the 

 area now covered by the North Sea must have been dry land where 

 northern and southern animals commingled. That this was the 



1 ' Did the Mammoth live before, during, or after the Deposition of the 

 Drift?' Geol. Mag. 1892, p. 250. 



2 ' Text-book of Geology,' 3rd. ed. 1893, p. 1044. 



3 ' Great Ice Age,' 3rd. ed. 1894, pp. 689, 690. 



