Yol. 54.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OP THE PRESIDENT. Xcix 



The position of the Forest Bed of Norfolk under high cliffs of 

 Boulder Clay ^ is also very similar to that of the lower deposits near 

 the entrance to the Yale of Clwyd, containing Pleistocene remains 

 and trunks of trees in like manner covered over by a great thickness 

 of Glacial drift. It may also be compared with the forest-bed in 

 Holyhead Harbour, buried under ' stiff blue clay,' in which two 

 perfect heads of the mammoth were found when the excavations 

 for the railway were made in 1849. The tusks and molars were 

 buried 2 feet deep, in a bed of peat 3 feet thick, with stumps and 

 roots of trees. ^ 



It may be well to mention that the following mammals, whose 

 remains have been found in caverns in ]S"orth Wales, Derbyshire, 

 and Yorkshire are now generally regarded as forming a part of the 

 fauna of the Norfolk Porest Bed, and that several of them, such as 

 the glutton, musk sheep, and mammoth, must be considered typically 

 northern animals. The list is taken mainly from those published by 

 Prof. Boyd Dawkins or Mr. E. T. Newton,^ and there are animals 

 which may be classed as characteristic of arctic, temperate, and hot 

 climates. The principal animals whose remains have been found 

 in caverns in association with human implements, and which are 

 stated also to occur in the Norfolk Forest Bed, are the following : — 

 Eleplias antiquus, El. primi genius, Hippojjotamus amphibius, Equus 

 cahallus, Sns scrofa^ Bison, Ovihos moschatus, Cervus elaphus, 

 C. capreolus, C. megaceros, Machairodus, Canis lupus, C. vulpes, 

 Hycena crocuta, Ursus sjjelceus, Oulo luscus, Lutra vulgaris, Arvicola 

 amphibius. 



When the cold increased, the animals on the East coast, as on the 

 West side, were driven farther south, and those least able to bear 

 the increased severity of the climate were the first to migrate 

 from the various areas. The southern forms may consequently 

 be looked upon, for the areas in which they have been found, 

 as the oldest fauna; but it is reasonable to suppose that they 

 were contemporary with the more northern forms, which at that 

 time lived in other districts where the conditions were more 



^ Mr. Clement Reid, in bis memoir (Geol. Surv.) ' On the Country around 

 Cromer,' 1882, says that the Grlacial drifts in that area were contorted by ice- 

 pressure. ' The extreme shallowness of the North Sea would cause it to be 

 entirely filled with ice, which, flowing over or abutting against the older Drifts, 

 contorted them in the way we now see ' (p. 114). 



2 Lyell, ' Principles of Geology,' 10th ed. vol. i (1867) p. 545. 



2 I am also greatly indebted to Mr. A. Smith Woodward for a list of the mam- 

 malia in the Savin Collection in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. 



