Vol. 54.] ANI^IVEESAKT ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. CI 



area.' Again, on p. 407, lie says : — ' I may briefly state my con- 

 clusions that the high-level beds of the Somme Yalley at Amiens, 

 of the Seine in the neighbourhood of Paris, of the Thames at 

 the Eeculvers, and of the Avon at Salisbury, together with the 

 caves above-named, date back to Glacial or pre-Glacial times, not in 

 the sense of being anterior to the Glacial epoch, but in the sense of 

 belonging to that part of the Glacial epoch when the great ice-sheet 

 was advancing, but had not yet invaded the whole of this area.' 



In later years, as is well known, owing to the researches of 

 Mr. B. Harrison, of Ightham, and others, he constantly advocated 

 the view that the implements found in the plateau-gravels in Kent 

 and Sussex may have been used by man during ' an early Glacial 

 or even a pre-Glacial period.' ^ 



Summary. 



The evidence which has been obtained from ossiferous caverns at 

 high elevations in the glaciated areas shows conclusively that the 

 remains of the extinct mammalia found in them must have been 

 introduced before any of the Glacial deposits now in or upon them 

 could have been laid down, therefore either before, or so early in, 

 the Glacial period that there could not have been at the time any 

 considerable amount of snow on the neighbouring mountains, or 

 glaciers even in the higher valleys. 



From caverns in glaciated areas in IS'orth and South Wales, 

 where Palaeolithic implements have been found in association with 

 remains of the extinct mammalia, facts have been obtained which 

 make it certain that the implements w^ere those of man living at 

 the same period as the extinct animals in those areas, and there- 

 fore of pre-Glacial age. It has also been shown that as the cold 

 increased the higher valleys became filled with glaciers and the 

 caverns became uninhabitable ; that afterwards, as the snow-line 

 and glaciers descended lower and lower, some of the caverns were 

 subject to inundations, which not only disturbed and re-arranged 

 the deposits previously in them, but wholly or partially filled them 

 up with local materials ; and that in the Yale of Clwyd, N^orth 

 "Wales, the local glaciers gradually coalesced with those from 

 the western and northern areas, and a mixed material was 

 distributed over the district to a height of over 600 feet, burying 

 the ossiferous caverns beneath it. During this time also water 



^ ' ControTerted Questions of Geology,' 1895, p. 72. 



