534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGHCAL SOCIETY. 



hollows above described, is free. Above the bed of nodules rises an 

 abrupt precipice (about 40 feet high) of grey sandstone, of rather a fine 

 texture. Above this a dun-coloured shale (16), 140 or 150 feet thick, 

 slopes upwards to No, 17, which is a band of fine yellow clay about 

 a foot thick. Erom this another precipitous face of about 40 feet 

 (No. 18) of very fine-grained sandstone rises, and above this is a light- 

 coloured shale nearly 200 feet thick. No. 20 is another fine-grained 

 sandstone. The unexplored rocks above this rise some 500 feet, in 

 three successive tiers, as shown in the section. The precipitous 

 portions are sandstones ; and it is highly probable that the intervening 

 spaces are occupied by shales. Near the foot of the mountain (at a) 

 a dyke makes its appearance, but, as in the other instances men- 

 tioned, without causing any change either in the position or 

 character of the rock through which it passes. The rocks here 

 described add another 1000 feet to those before mentioned. 



The circumstance that makes this section of the Klaas-Smit's 

 River of great interest is that here are found thejirst indications of 

 connecting Hnks of the strata north and south of the Stormberg 

 rauge ; and thus the equivalents of 4, 5, 6, and 7, near the bottom 

 of that part of the mountain now under examination, are to be found 

 almost at the top of the Hangklip (which is the culminating point of 

 some mountains nearly sixteen miles further south) immediately under 

 the precipice, at a height of 6500 feet above the level of the sea. 

 Further, the yellow clay at " 17," the gritty, noduliferous, and 

 ferruginous sandstone " 13," and bluish-brown clay " 12," remind 

 us of the very similar deposits found at Dordrecht (Section, fig. 8), 

 described at page 523 ; and it is to be hoped that before long other 

 sections may be obtained that will throw still further light upon this 

 interesting subject. 



Pakt III. — The Climatal changes oe South Aekica (Easteihst 

 Province and the vicinity), as indicated by its Geology and 

 Fossils ; and especially the Glacial Denudation oe the Kakoo 

 Strata. 



The consideration of the climatal changes that have taken place 

 in this j)ortion of the ancient world during the deposition of the 

 various formations treated of in the first part of this memoir will 

 lead me to make some remarks upon the probable cause of the denu- 

 dation of a large portion of the Dicynodon-rocks in the Eastern 

 Province. 



Tertiary Climates. — The evidence of the Pliocene shells of the 

 superficial limestone of the Zwartkops heights and elsewhere leads 

 us to believe that the climate of South Africa must have been of a 

 far more tropical character than at present. Take, for instance, 

 the characteristic Venericardia of that limestone : this has mi- 

 grated along the coast some 29 or 30 degrees, and is now found 

 within a few degrees of the equator, near Zanzibar, gradually driven, 

 as I presume it must have been, further and further north by a 



