72 



H. F. Blanford — On the relations of cloud 



[No. 2, 





1875. 



1876. 



1877. 



1878. 



1879. 



Central Europe, 



— 1-06 



— 0'14 



+ 0-23 



+ 0-59 



—2-32 



Eastern North America, 



—2-30 



—0-31 



+ 2-02 



+ 338 



+ 0-38 



San Jose - Central America 10° N., . . 



—0-72 



—0-07 



+ 1-31 



+ 1-55 



—047 



European Eussia South of 55° N., . . 



—2-34 



—0-72 



—0-36 



+ 1-80 



? 



Ditto ditto North, „ ,. 



—3-42 



—1-08 



—0-36 



+ 2-70 



? 



In another table Dr. Koppen gives the temperature anomalies of the 

 same years for those parts of Europe and Asia which show a departure from 

 this regular oscillation. It is to be observed that these include all those 

 countries which are most directly influenced by the Gulf -stream : — 





1875. 



1876. 



1877. 



1878. 



1879. 



Scandinavian Peninsula, 



—0-92 



—1-06 



+ 1-96 



+ 0-90 



—104 



England, 



—0 14 



4 0-52 



+ 011 



+ 0-18 



—3-20 



Scotland, 



+ 049 



—016 



+ 0-74 



+ 036 



—2-05 



Iceland and Faroe Isles, . ■ . . 



+ 2-2 



+ 09 



—0-7 



—0-5 



+ 0-4 



West Greenland, , . ». 



+ T8 



+ 0-9 



+ 1-8 



+ 36 



? 



Italy, 



—0-7 



+ 0-2 



+ 0-4 





? 



Caucasus, 4 Stations 



-0-7 



+ 1-3 



+ 11 



+ 0-4 



? 



South- West Siberia and Amu Darya, 













6 Stations, 



, , 



-0 7 



—05 



+ 1-1 



? 



South-East Siberia and Pekin, 4 Sta- 













tions, . , 



+ 0-2 



+ 0-4 



+ 0-2 



—0-02 



1 ' 



The subject of Dr. Koppen's paper appears to have been suggested by 

 a paper of Mr. Douglas Archibald's in ' Nature' (26th February 1880), 

 wherein it is sought to show that the periodical heat waves, brought to 

 light by Professor Piazzi Smyth, on the evidence of the rock temperatures 

 of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, are dependent on variations in the mean cloudi- 

 ness of the atmosphere ; since the periods of highest ground temperature 

 are those of minimum cloud and vice versa. This view of Mr. Archibald's, 

 viz., the dependence of temperature on cloud proportion, appears to be in 

 part identical with that which I put forward originally in my paper, " On 

 some recent evidence of the variation of the Sun's Heat," &c, in the 

 XLVth Volume of this Journal (June 1875), wherein I endeavoured to 

 show that, the temperature of the lower atmosphere, on the land surface, 

 in India, depends much more on the quantity of cloud and on the rainfall 

 than on that variation of the solar heat intensity, the periodicity of which 



