1881.] fossils of the Indian Gondwdna system. 211 



where have to be classed as coniferous seeds ; they remind mostly' of Satna- 

 ropsis, specimens of which were figured by Heer from the Jura of E. 

 Siberia and the Amur countries and by Prof. Schmalhausen from the Altai, 

 Tunguska river, and the Petschora country. 



From the shales at Mangli (C. Prov.) and from the iron shales of the 

 Eaniganj coalfield, there are known fragments of stems, which appear to 

 be also of coniferous plants, but they are at present of very little impor- 

 tance, being very fragmentary. 



I have thought it more practical and more true to nature to treat of 

 the plant remains in a systematical (biological) order from the whole Gond- 

 wana system together, not grouping them according to the divisions of 

 "Lower" and "Upper Gondwanas," as it is now known that this system 

 also geologically forms a continuous series, and from this point of view it 

 is then also easier to form an adequate idea, as to the Homotaxis of the 

 system, especially if we consider that most of the plants formerly considered 

 characteristic of the lower Gondwanas freely pass into the " upper portion," 

 as can be gathered from the foregoing pages. 



ANIMALIA. 



Animal remains as a rule are not very numerous in the groups of the 

 Gondwana system, only in those groups where marine animals occur together 

 with the plants or are contained in beds intercalated with the plant bed, 

 the animal remains are more numerous. 



I shall proceed in a biological order. 



ANNULOIDA. 



ECHINODERMATA.* 



Very rare. 



Opliiurafi sp. 

 1879. Madras coast Flora, I. c, p. 224. 

 Upper Gondivdnas ; Sripermatur group, South Kistna district. 



ANNULOSA. 



Crustacea. 



Candona\ kotaensis,§ Jones. 

 1862. Monograph of fossil JSstheriece, Palasontographical Soc, p. 127. 

 Upper Gondwanas : Kota beds, near Sironcha, middle Godavari. 



JEstheria\\ Jcotaensis, Jones. 

 1862. lb., I. e., p. 81. 



Upper Gondwanas : group and locality the same. 



* Echinos (gr ) = a spine ; derma (gr.) = skin. 



f Ophis (gr.) = snake ; ura (gr.) = tail, referring to the thinness of the arms. 



t Proper name. § Locality Kota. || Proper name. 



