REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I918 29 



territories has shown that the Utica zones have, especially in their 

 graptolite contents, a distinctly Atlantic aspect and that the faunas 

 probably reached this State from the southeast; the fauna of the 

 black shale of the Black River valley, however, came from the 

 St Lawrence region and represents a different invasion. The 

 Frankfort faunule is only a depauperate Utica fauna, but of younger 

 (Economy and probably also early Southgate) age. The lower 

 Lorraine shale is equivalent to the Eden of Ohio and here termed 

 the Whetstone Gulf formation on account of distinct local develop- 

 ment of certain species. This shale was evidently deposited in the 

 Eden sea which, invading from the southwest, reached the Adirondack 

 massive. The upper Lorraine or Pulaski fauna, on the other hand, 

 shows a close relationship to the contemporary faunas of the Quebec 

 region and points to an open marine connection to the northeast 

 in later Lorraine time, together with a wide expanse of sea toward 

 the west. Charts of the different stages have been prepared; they 

 will show the extent of the successive invasions and the differences 

 in contemporaneous sedimentation. 



The Monograph of the Devonian Crinoids of New York is com- 

 pleted. It includes 60 genera, 144 species and 8 varieties, of which 

 17 genera, 54 species and 6 varieties are new. A ntimber of new 

 combinations of species have likewise been made. Six of the species 

 included have been found only outside the State, some of them 

 introduced for comparison ; eighteen species and one variety occurring 

 in New York State have also been found in the Devonian elsewhere. 



The species described include many interesting forms, particularly 

 from the Upper Devonian. Ontogenetic studies have been made 

 wherever possible, though material has not been sufficiently abundant 

 to allow this to be carried to any great extent. Such observations, 

 and observations on variation within the species, have been noted 

 under the heading "Ontogeny" or "Ornamentation" in the description 

 of the species. A very complete ontogenetic series of M e 1 o - 

 crinus paucidactylus is described and figured. The 

 most striking difference ^hown here between young and adult forms ■ 

 is in the character of the arms which are simple and two to a 

 ray in the youngest forms; compound with armlets in the older 

 forms. 



In the study of the young it has been found that, outside of changes 

 in ornamentation, there are two particular regards in which immatture 

 and mature forms differ : the extent of incorporation of the brachials 

 and the character of the arms. These observations have been 



