172 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 



to their command of English. The effect on names of the 

 struggle between two languages is always the same, and 

 to be observed every day in a town like Gloucester, where 

 an ordinary notice in the Post Office must be posted in 

 live or six languages. 



The Portuguese Pereira and Rodriguez become Terry 

 and Rogers. The Swede, Konstanz Mattson, became 

 Constantia Madison by accident of deafness in her first 

 mistress. (Later she was Lena). Carlsen became Charl- 

 ton by a mistake in shipping papers in England. Clevin- 

 hausen became Hawson for convenience. If the Virginia 

 name Tagliaferro were speit Tolliver, as pronounced, it 

 would be disguised to the eye ; and I suspect a good deal 

 is hidden under many an innocent-looking English name, 

 while Savage and the early freemen's lists show an im- 

 posing contingent of foreign blood. 1 



But I did not go into genealogy with a bias, although 

 I had read Douglas Campbell's book ; for he did not go so 

 far as to say that any of that blood came over here. The 

 first hint came from a Bethiah Leach of Manchester, who 

 married in Gloucester in 1685. Bethiah seemed a Bible- 

 name, but it was singular in Gloucester. Looking across 

 the line for relatives, I noticed a Bethia Rea of Salem 

 Village, and Rea recalled the Spanish-Dutch names in 

 Motley. " Is Bethya a Bible-name ?" Two concordances 

 failed to give it, and I began to suspect a corruption of 

 Betje (Bate'-ya. Dutch for Betty), later mispronounced 

 in three syllables, Be-thy'-a. 



This single inference may prove a delusion, but it led 

 to Observation s which are confirmed by Mr. Waters, the 

 experienced searcher, on page 118 of Vol. l, of the New 

 England Historical and Genealogical Register. 



i John Heard of Dover is John Hoord on freemen's list. Hoorn may have be- 

 come Hörne and Orne. Curtis of Boxford was Curthout; Grover of Beverly 

 was Grovwand, 1734. 



