150 L. de Niceville — Note on Calinaga. [No. 2, 



X. — Note on Calinaga, an aberrant genus of Asiatic Butterflies. — By 



Lionel de Niceville, F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. 



[Received 5th June ; Read 4th July, 1900.] 



In the " Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and 

 Philosophical Society," vol. xliii, part iv, n. 1], pp. 1-23, pis. iv, 

 v and vi (1899), appears a paper by Mr. John Watson entitled "On 

 Calinaga, the Single Genus of an aberrant Sub-Family of Butterflies," 

 in which he has brought together a mass of most interesting facts 

 mostly based on his own original observations regarding these butterflies. 

 This paper should be carefully studied by everyone interested in the 

 phylogeny of this anomalous genus. 



The following brief notes will shew the very various positions in 

 the natural order of Butterflies in which Calinaga has been placed by 

 different writers : — 



Dr. F. Moore in 1857 when first describing the genus placed it in 

 the subfamily Nymphalinse next following the genus Hestina, Westwood ; 

 in 1865 he placed it at the end of the Papilionidse, the Pieridse being 

 retained as a distinct family ; in 1895 be replaced it in the family Nym- 

 phalidss, but proposed a new subfamily for it, the Calinaginse, which 

 will follow the subfamily Nymphalinte. In 1861 Dr. C. Felder placed 

 it in the family Nymplialinse after the genus Penthema, Doubleday. 

 Mr. W. F. Kirby in 1871 placed the genus second in the subfamily 

 Papilioninw, but in 1877 be removed it to the Nymphalinse ; in 1891 

 he stated that it belonged to the Nymphalidas. In 1872 Herr Gustav 

 Weymer noted that Calinaga does not belong to the Papilioninse, but to 

 the Pierinze. In 1873 Mynheer P. C. T. Snellen placed Calinaga in the 

 Nymphalinse. M. Charles Oberllmr in 1881 noted that the antennal 

 characters of the genus place it between a genus of Pierinse (Leuconea) 

 and a genus of Papilioninee (Pamassius). M. H. Lucas in J 884 placed 

 it in the same position as M. Oberthiir in 1881. Dr. A. G. Butler in 

 1885 placed Calinaga in the Nymphalinse, but said that he had no doubt 

 that its proper place is in the subfamily Satyrinse. In 1886 Dr. O. 

 Staudinger placed the genus in the subfamily Nymphalinse. In 1886 

 I placed it in the Nymphalinse wholly on account of the forelegs of the 

 imago of the male being pectoral unfitted them for use in walking. At 

 that date I had seen no female, the forelegs of which have since been 

 found to be perfect but unfit for use in walking, being very small and 

 pectoral as in the opposite sex. Dr. E. Schatz in 1887 placed Calinaga 

 in the " Diademen " group, which is the fourth group in his seventh 

 family " Nymphaliden." For Diadema the genus Hypolimnas is intend- 

 ed, as Diadema having been proposed in 1817 for a genus of Crustacea 



