152 L. de Niceville — Note on Oalinaga. [No. 2, 



equivalent to the family Nyinphalidx, bat that Oalinaga should find a 

 place in the Heleropoda, which has the forefeet imperfect in the male 

 but perfect in the female, the Heteropoda being" equivalent to the 

 families Lemoniidw and Lycsenid&e. But to place Oalinaga in either of 

 those families on the structure of the forelegs only is obviously out of 

 the question, as in every other respect the genus shews no relationship 

 to those families. The forelegs of both sexes of Oalinaga are highly 

 specialised, and have lost all functional characters, being extremely 

 small and quite unfitted for walking. This is a characteristic of the 

 Nymphalidte, but the fact that the male has a nymphalid foreleg, while 

 the female has in structure a foreleg, which, but for its ridiculously 

 small size unfitting it for use, would place the genus amongst the 

 Lemoniidse, Lycsenidse, Papilionidse and Hesperiidse which have six fully 

 developed ambulatory legs in the female, removes the genus from any 

 known family of butterflies as hitherto diagnosed, the structure of the 

 forelegs having of recent years been largely used as a primary basis on 

 which to divide the families. 



Calinaga has a prototype in the genus Pseudergolis, usually also 

 placed in the subfamily Nymphalinae, but for wliich Dr. Karl Jordan 

 has proposed the subfamily name Pseud ergolinse, the foreleg of the male 

 of which has a single joint to the tarsus, the female having five tarsal 

 joints, the terminal joint furnished with a pair of claws, apulvillus, and 

 bifid paronychia. In both sexes in Pseudergolis the forelegs are very 

 distinctly longer both actually and proportionally than in Oalinaga (in 

 while they are ridiculously short), but are still quite unfitted for walk- 

 ing. Pseudergolis therefore is another genus that can find no place as 

 far as I can see in any existing family of butterflies as hitherto diagnosed. 

 Its transformations (Pseudergolis ivedah, Kollar) are known fortunately, 

 and have been figured by me in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xi, 

 p. 371, n. 83, pi. U, figs. 9a, 9b, larva; 9c, 9d, 9e, 9/, pupa (1898). 

 The full grown larva reminds one somewhat of that of the genus 

 Apatura (=Potamis, Hubner, to follow Dr. F. Moore), subgenus Bohana, 

 Moore, while the pupa is like that of the genus Athyma. Mr. Watson 

 says that Pseudergolis " In point of general resemblance and neuration 

 is undoubtedly in the Precis and Junonia section of the Nymphalinae" 

 Mr. W. Doherty, who first discovered the abnormality in the forelegs 

 of the female, placed it in the Apaturidae, " Differing but little from its 

 neighbours in other points [except the feet], if the feet offered really 

 reliable characters" (Journ. A.S.B., vol. lx, pt, 2, p. 12 (1891). 

 Mr. Doherty placed Pseudergolis in his Junonia group, which embraced 

 the genera Junonia, Precis, Pseudergolis and Rohana (Journ. A.S.B., 

 vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 123, n. 82 (1886). 



