1900.] H. J. Walton — Notes on birds collected in Kumaon. 155 



come into the family Nymphalidse. Various authors have placed it in 

 the Danainse, Saty rinse, Nymphalinss, Pierinse, and Papilioninse. Its 

 most probable position is I think in the subfamily Danainse as Mr. 

 Watson states, and I would place it tentatively after Hestia and Ideopsis 

 and before Danais, next before the subgenus Badena. If, however, the 

 male has no extrusible tufts of hairs at the end of the abdomen as have 

 all the Danainse, it cannot be placed in that subfamily. I think it 

 probable that these tufts are absent. The structure of the forelegs of 

 the female in correlation with that of the male removes the genera 

 Calinaga and Pseudergolis from any hitherto known family of butterflies, 

 if the sequence and definition of the rhopalocerous families is to be 

 primarily based on the structure of the forelegs of the imago as has 

 been done of recent years. But I think these two genera must 

 come into the existing families as aberrant genera, the genus Calinaga 

 amongst the Danainse and the genus Pseudergolis amongst the Nymplia- 

 linse. In all five species of Calinaga are knowu. I have given a list 

 of them in Journ. A.S.B., vol. lxvi, pt. 2, p. 551 (1897). 



XI. — Notes on birds collected in Kumaon. — By Caftain 

 H. J. Walton, I.M.S. 



[Received 6th June ; Read 4th July, 1900.] 



The birds enumerated in the following list were collected by me in 

 British Garhwal and the Almora district of Kumaon during the months 

 of April— July, 1899. 



The nature of the duty on which I was engaged rendered it neces- 

 sary for me to visit nearly the whole of British Garhwal, and most of 

 the district lying east of Almora almost to the boundary of Nepal. 

 Unfortunately my camps had to be selected without any reference to 

 their merits as collecting grounds, and, indeed, as I was travelling nearly 

 every day, most of the birds were shot actually from the roads. 



Garhwal is a large district, extending far up into the Himalayas, 

 bounded on the north by Thibet, on the west by Native Garhwal, and on 

 the south and east by Kumaon. Although there are some very high 

 peaks and mountain ranges, as a rule the valleys Up which the roads 

 run are rather low-lying, averaging about 6,000 feet, but varying from 

 about 4,000 to 12,000 feet above sea-level. The sides of the valleys are 

 almost everywhere covered with tree jungle, but from Chamoli to 

 Yoshimath, and again in the neighbourhood of the Mana and Niti 

 passes, the hillsides are almost bare. In parts the jungle is very thick 



