1900.] L. de Nie^rille— Butterflies of the Kanara District 249 



being about equal to the length from the same point to the anal end ; 

 the breadth is greatest at segment 7, though but little more than at the 

 shoulders ; the height is the same at segment 7 and at just before the 

 hinder margin of the thorax ; the vertex of the head is inclined towards 

 the ventral line of the pupa ; the front margin of segment 2 slightly 

 overhangs the head, and its dorsal line is inclined at an angle of about 

 45° to the length axis of the pupa ; this segment is large, rather square 

 in the front outline (which is the front of the pupa), and slightly pinched 

 laterally behind the spiracles on the margin of segment 2/3 ; the thorax 

 is very large, and increases in breadth from the front margin to the 

 shoulders, is slightly pinched in front dorsally, and has the hinder margin 

 coming to a point in the dorsal line; its dorsal line is evenly curved, is at 

 an angle of 45° to the length-axis of the pupa in its anterior half, and 

 curves through a plane parallel to that axis as far as the margin of segment 

 3/4; segment 4 has its dorsal line inclined from the front margin to the 

 hinder margin towards the length-axis, so that the pupa is constricted 

 somewhat dorsally, its dorsal line rising again from segment 4/5 to 

 segment 7 ; the margin of segment 9/10 is raised, as is usual with the 

 pupae of Iiapala, there being a thin interval between the margins ; the 

 hinder end of the pupa is rounded ; the ventral line is straight. The 

 surface of the pupa is finely reticulated, and has some minute erect 

 hairs on segment 2, on the thorax, and on the dorsum of the other seg- 

 ments ; these hairs are sparse. The spiracles of segment 2 are raised, 

 oval, small, golden-yellow surfaces which face forwards, the other 

 spiracles are of the same colour, small, oval and raised. The colour of 

 the pupa is light rose-brown, segments 4 and 5 are generally dark, the 

 margin of segment 9/10 is dark ; there is a dorsal darkish line and a 

 darkish lateral spot on each abdominal segment ; the wings, segment 2, 

 and the sides of the thorax, are darkish. Length 1225 mm., breadth 

 625 mm. at segment 7, at the shoulders 5*75 mm. 



Habits. The larva lives on the flowers and young parts of the plant 

 on which it feeds, and always on such plants as are frequented by the 

 large red ants CEcophylla smaragdina, Fabricius, which tend the larvae. 

 Pupation takes place anywhere, amongst the flowers, in the crevices of 

 the stems, &c, and the pupa is attached by the tail and by a body-band. 

 The pupa when disturbed makes the usual creaking noise which is so 

 common amongst lycaenid pupae. 



140. Hapala varuna, Horsfield. 

 Zizyphus Xylopyrus, Willd. (Rhamnese) 

 Zizyphus rugosa, Lamk. {Rhamnese), 

 J. ii. 32 



