154 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



20,000 feet above the crater in three or four seconds." . . .^^ The fall 

 of ashes was observed principally in a northwestern and northern direc- 

 tion. In Chicharras, on the Mexican border, the thickness of ashes that 

 fell on the ground was 420 nun., whereas in Oaxaca and San Juan 

 Bantista only 5 mm. were observed.^^ 



The eruption of the Mua, on Sawaii of the Samoa Islands, which oc- 

 curred October 30, 1902, was not violent enough to be taken into con- 

 sideration.^^ The same may be said about the Isalco eruption, in Sal- 

 vador.^* On the contrary, the Tori-shima eruption of August 7 and 9, 

 1902, seems to have been very violent. Eeports of this eruption have 

 been published by F. Omori and others of the Imperial Earthquake In- 

 vestigation Committee, but these publications were not accessible to the 

 writer. 



There can be no doubt that during the year 1902 a considerable quan- 

 tity of pulverized lava must have been projected into the higher layers 

 of the atmosphere, above the clouds. Bishop's ring was observed anew,^^ 

 as well as extraordinary twilight phenomena f^ but a comparison is hardly 

 possible with those which were due to the Krakatoa eruption. One single 

 \olcanic explosion, if sufficiently violent, may therefore obscure the 

 stratosphere very much more than a score of violent eruptions of a less 

 explosive character. 



This seems to have been the case of the Katmai eruption. "Katmai 

 volcano is in the Aleutian Eange, Alaska, latitude 58° N., longitude 155° 

 W. approximately. On the afternoon of June 6, 1912, it suddenly be- 

 came explosively eruptive, continued in a state of great activity for about 

 three days, and was reported to be still somewhat active at the end of 

 October, 1912." ^^ For particulars I will refer to an account published 



3* GusTAV EiSEN : "The Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption in Guatemala in 1902," 

 BuH. Am. Geog. Soc, vol. 35, p. 391. 1903. 



32 Karl Sapper : "Die vulcanischen Ereignisse in Mittelamerika im Jahre 1902," N. 

 Jahrb. f. Miner., Jahrg., 1904, vol. 1, p. 39. See also Alfred Bergbat : "Die Produkte 

 der letzten Eruption am Vulkan S. Maria in Guatemala," Centr. f. Mineral., Jahrg. 

 1903, p. 112. 



33 Georg Wegener : "Die vulkanischen Ausbriiche auf Sawaii," Zeit. Gesell. f. Erdkunde 

 zu Berlin, p. 208. 1903. 



3* Karl Sapper : "Die jiingsten Ereignisse am Vulkan Izalco," Centr. f. Mineral.. 

 Jahrg. 1903, p. 103. 1903. 



35 F. A. Forel : "Le cercle de Bishop de la Montague Telee 1902-1904," Arch. Sc. Phys. 

 et Nat., Ser. 4, vol. 19, p. 229. 1905. 



5^ P. Grdner : "Ueber die neuen Dammerungserscheinungen," Mitt, naturf. Gesell. Bern, 

 a. d. .T. 1903, p. 1. 1904. 



E. Marchand : "Les luenrs crdpusculaires et ph6nom5nes connexes," Annuaire Soc. 

 Meteor. France, vol. 53, p. 40. 1905. 



37 Herbert H. Kimball : "The Effect upon Atmospheric Transparency of the Eruption 

 of Katmai Volcano," Month. Weather Rev., vol. 41, p. 153. 1913. 



