[Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XXVI, pp. 215-315. 30 July, 1915] 



EEVIEAA^ OF THE PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA AND 



NORTHERN AFRICA^ 



By Heney Fairfield Osborn 



(Presented hy title before the Academy, 12 April, 1975} 



'^ iwA. 



CONTENTS ""^^^^iji/Dna! ^<' ' 



Fage 



Introduction 217 



Seventh faunal phase — Quaternary 218 



Means of establishmg the time divisions of the Quaternarj^ 218 



Pliocene and Pleistocene life of Asia and North Africa , 219 



Life of Asia 219 



Life of north Africa 223 



Eurasiatic invasion 225 



Sources of the Pleistocene African life 225 



Asiatic and European affinities 226 



African-European distribution 228 



Africa in Palaeolithic and Neolithic times 229 



Pleistocene or Glacial epoch in Europe 229 



Duration of the Pleistocene 232 



Antiquity of man 235 



Geologic age of the culture stages 236 



Elevation and subsidence of land in Quaternary times 237 



Final subsidence 239 



Final elevation 240 



Alternations of climate and flora 240 



Low glacial stage temperatures 240 



Moderate estimates of temperature 241 



Warm and temperate interglacial stages 241 



Alternations of flora 242 



Faunal life zones of Europe 242 



Literature 244 



African-Asiatic mammals, warm fauna 244 



Eurasiatic forest and meadow, temperate fauna 245 



Alpine mammals, cold fauna 248 



Steppe fauna of Russia and Siberia 248 



Tundra or barren ground fauna and flora 249 



Migration theory of floras and faunas 250 



Resident theory 251 



Latitude and altitude 251 



1 Revision for German edition of the author's work, "The Age of Mammals ;" German 

 translator and editor. Dr. W. O. Dietrich, Kgl. Geologisch-paljieontologisches Institut und 

 Museum, Berlin. 



Manuscript received by the Editor 25 January, 1915. (215) 



