OSBORN. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 323 



the European Pleistocene as related to E. hysudricus of India, but Pil- 

 grim and Pohlig rightly compare E. antiquus with the Xarbada elephant 

 (E. namadicus), which first occurs in the Pleistocene of Asia. In fact, 

 it is not known whether the phylum of E. antiquus, which is quite dis- 

 tinct from that of E. planifrons-E. Meridionalis, originated in Asia or 

 in Africa. 



To sum up, among the contributions of southern Asia to the Pliocene 

 and Pleistocene fauna of Europe are the following : 



Elephas planifrons, entering Europe in the Pliocene, related to the Elephas 



meridionalis, the southern elephant. 

 Elephas hysudricus. 



Hippopotamus, H. javadicus, related to H. major. 

 Bison sivalensis, the short-skulled bison, related to Bison priscus. 

 The long-skulled Leptohos. related to the L. etrusciis of the Val d'Arno and 



Bos primigenius of the First Interglacial Stage. 

 The Sumatran type of rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus platyi'hinus, related to D. 



etruscus and D. mercTclL 

 The hyaenas, related to H. crocuta, the spotted hyaena, and H. striata, the 



striped hyaena. 

 The horse, Equus sivalensis, related to the Arab, or desert type of Europe. 



Among the mammals which did not find their way from Asia into 

 western Europe are the camels and the various giraffoids. The absence 

 of the antelopine members of the Bovidas is also a very characteristic 

 feature of the Pleistocene of Europe as contrasted with their abundance 

 in Asia and their presence in diminished form and numbers in the Upper 

 Pliocene of Europe. 



LIFE OF JfORTH AFRICA 



It would appear that in Lower Pleistocene times when there were 

 broad land connections between Europe and Africa the latter continent 

 contributed to Europe some of its indigenous mammals and others which 

 had been derived originally from Asia. It is natural to suppose that the 

 hysena and hippopotamus, now so characteristic of Africa, entered Eu- 

 rope either from Asia or from the north African region. With these ani- 

 mals may have come the lion {Fells leo) and the "old elephant" {E. 

 antiquus), which is a primitive offshoot of the same stock that gave rise 

 to the African elephant {Loxodon africanus). 



We observe that in Lower Pleistocene times north Africa is still dis- 

 tinctively a part of the Ethiopian Eegion, closely connected with central 

 and southern Africa in its fauna. Throughout the Lower Quaternary 

 the fauna of north Africa is also closely related to that of Asia. More- 

 over it has a number of species in common with the Quaternary fauna of 



