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ANXALS yEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



character of the African high plateau fauna, rich in antelopes, giraffes, 

 zebra-like ancestors of the horse, elephants, rhinoceroses, h3'8enas and 

 apes. Late in Diluvial times in Europe numerous representatives of 

 what we now consider a tropical African fauna, including hippopotami, 

 lions, hyaenas and apes, were widely distributed. 



Asiatic and European Affinities. — The total assemblage of the Pleisto- 

 cene life of north Africa may be summarized as follows from Pomel : 



A noteworthv distinction between 



Man (Homo, Late Pleistocene) 



Mastodon (Early Pleistocene only) 

 Elephants (several species related 



both to Loxodon and to Elephas) 

 Rhinoceroses (two species of the 



African, or Diceros type) 

 Hipparions. zebras and asses 

 Camels 



Giraffes (Lidytherium, Criraffa) 

 Wild cattle (Bos), three species 

 Buffalo (Bu'baUis) 

 Dwarf antelopes, gazelles, gnus, oryx, 



nagor. elands 

 Hippopotami 

 Wild boar (Sus) 

 Wart hogs (Phacochoerus) 

 Lions (two cavern species) 

 Hyaenas (spotted and striped) 

 Jackals (Cams aureus), India 

 Macaques (of northern origin) 

 Deer (of the Cervus type, one 



species ) 

 Bear (of the Helarctos group) 

 Wild sheep and goats (Ovis palceo- 



tragus, 0. promaza) 



north Africa and Europe is the sur- 

 vival in north Africa of the masto- 

 dons throughout early Pleistocene 

 times : also of several species of hip- 

 parions side by side on the plains of 

 Xumidia with the early north Afri- 

 can horses^° or zebras. Both the 

 mastodons and the hipparions are 

 absent in the Pleistocene of Europe. 

 We may now review the life of 

 north Africa itself in Pleistocene 

 times. Six species of elephant 

 occur, including the mastodons, the 

 southern mammoth (E. meridiona- 

 Jis), and the '"old elephant" (L. an- 

 tiquus). The most characteristic 

 and widespread elephant (L. atlan- 

 ticus) belongs to the African sub- 

 genus Loxodon while differing from 

 the recent African elephant {L. 



africanus) in several points. The 

 latter species only occurs in the recent deposits of the latest prehistoric 

 period. 



Similarly the two species of rhinoceros {D. mauritanicus, D. subiner- 

 mis) resemble the modern African t}^es, but there is nothing to indicate 

 the presence either of the modern African ^^lack" {!). hicornis) or 

 "white" (D. simus) species. 



Among the Pleistocene horses, in addition to the surviving hipparions 

 and the species {E. numidicus) related to the Yal D^Arno type of Eu- 

 rope, there is a third species (E. mauritanicus) which exhibits tooth 

 characters of the recent zebra. Thus there is everv reason to believe that 



1° BouLE^ M. : "Observations sur quelqu'?s iSquides Fossiles." Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 

 Ser. 3. vol. xxvii. pp. 531-542. 1899. 



