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ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



In the rivers there lived in early and later Pleistocene times a series 

 of species of hippopotami {H. hipponensis, H. sirensis, H. icosiensis) 

 leading to a form {H. annectens) related to the existing Mle hippopota- 

 mus. There are also two types of wild boar (Sits), and more abundant 

 than these were the wart-hogs (Phacochcerus) found in the caves and 

 alluvial deposits of Barbary, 



Preying upon these Herbivora were lions^ leopards and hyaenas, which 

 are compared by Pomel with Pleistocene cave forms of Europe. There 

 are also jackals, wolves, the ichneumon and, possibly, a polecat. 



Pig. 2. — Skeleton of the Pleistocene pigmy hippopotamus of Madagascar, Hippopotamus 

 madagascariensis, together toith a skull of the recent hippopotamus, H. amphiMus 



In the Amei'ican Museum of Natural History. 



African-European Distribution. — Of this imposing list the following 

 types occur both in Africa and in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of 

 Europe, the species being similar if not in some instances identical. 



Southern elephant {E. meridionalis) . which is also foun^i in Pliocene and early 

 Pleistocene deposits of Europe. 



Elephants similar to E. antiqaus of Europe and its dwarf representatives in 

 Malta and other Mediterranean islands are found in the Upper Pleistocene 

 deposits of north Africa. 



Long-headed rhinoceroses. It would appear probable that the woolly rhi- 

 noceros (D. antiquitatis) which is closely related to the "white" rhinoceros 

 (D. simus) originated in Africa, but no animal resembling it has been 

 discovered in the African Pleistocene. 



