Table lY.—DiatnhuUon of Foi 



■est Meadow Mammals 



I'oiest aud Meadow Fauna over entire Northern I 



= dispersal 

 Wld( lemisphere 



Retreat of Tundra aud Steppe Fauna. Wide sout "•"^J^'^ '""^ 

 fo t 1 p"? '''''"''',^' °^ '^""'^'■«. Steppe and AlpVne F^um ' "ii="™P' 

 PiLnn'' A "■"'•, '^'IP''' "°i-*ei'° SPata and Italv. Arriva "* ^""'''■''' 

 Fauina. Arrival of Asiatic Steppe Fauna. 



(Steppe climate) 



3rd INTERGI.ACIAI. 



'Return of Warm and Tt 

 perate Fauna 



3rd Tundra (Runnlfer^E 

 pnniigcniiis) fauna In north- 

 ern Germany and France, 

 Glaciers of Alps and Pyrenees, 

 Canstatt 



2nd INTEBGLACIAL 



Return of Warm and Tem- 

 perate Fauna 



2nd Tundra (,Ranyifer — E. 

 p-imiffenii(s) fauna In N. Ger- 

 many, Mauer, Steinheim, etc 



1st INTERGLACIAI, 



Return of Warm and Teni- 

 lerate Fauna 



Geologic and Cmmatic 

 Stages 



Early Tundka migrations in- 

 to northern Europe and cold 

 Hgions of Britain. Alps and 

 Prrenees 



Extinction or souf ''^.f ''<^ ''^*''«''t 

 of African-Asiatb '^ * ^""^ 



Bywna ci-ocuta spe ^'^" ' 

 Fclis leo spelwa" 

 Dicerorhinns mercl '*' 

 Blephas antiquns 

 Elephas trogonther " 

 Bippopotamus maji "' 

 Canis aureus 

 Macacus 

 Pclis pardus 

 Dieerorhinus etrust '"' 

 Uachwrodus latidet ''* 

 Eqiiua stenonis 

 Byrnna striata 

 Elephas meridional •'* 



Survival of PUocf '"« a"<3 fresh 

 ■invasions of a. frlcan - Asiatic 

 Fauna 



"Waem" AjFBIOAN- 

 AsiATic Fauna, frequenting 



or migratii'g into 

 Temperate and Sheltered Re- 

 gions, remote fro'n the Ice Caps 



clkcumglaciai, habitats and 

 Glacial Migrants 



Cervus elaphiis 



" capreolus 

 Megaceros euryceros 

 Vrsus arctos 

 Bison priscus 

 Bos primigenius 

 Alces machlis 

 Egiius caiallus typicus 

 Eelis catus 



" lynx 

 Vulpes alopew 

 Vrsus spelmiis 

 FeUs catus 

 Sciurus vulgaris 

 Canis lupus 

 Sus scrofa 

 Ucles tax us 

 Alces latifrons 

 Castor fiber 

 Trogontherium cuvieri 

 Lutra vulgaris 

 Oulo luscus 

 Eguus mosiaehensis 

 Vrsus deningeri 

 Vrsus arvernenais 

 Cervus sedgwlclci 

 Cervus carimtorum 



EuRASiATic Forest 



AND 



Meadow Fadna, frequentini 

 Cool temperate meadows and for 

 ests. Regions hordering and re 

 mote from the Ice Caps 



III Pure Forest 

 Meadow Fauna 



II "Reindeer Piuuod,' 



Tundra, Steppe, 



Alpine and Meadow 



Fauna 



I Mingled African- 

 Asiatic AND 

 Forest- Meadow Faunas 



Temperate Non-Glaciated Habitats and Interglacial 

 Migrants 



'} 



Diagram illustrating the author's theory that untU the Fourth Glaeiation t^e Atrlcan-Asiatic-Eurasiatic Forest Meadow Mammals covered all except 

 the areas close to the ice The tundra forms were confined to the ice borders u^i" the Jiourth Glaeiation, when the tundra and steppe forms covered 

 Europe. 



•"Buaina spelwa ana Pelis leo spelma, the sole survivors of the African Asiatic Fauna In the CoK Reindeer period of IV Glacial and Postglacial times. 



