OSBORN, REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 263 



estimate the height of these animals from the skeleton. In almost all 

 cases of moimting these animals in mnsenms the tips of the dorsal spines 

 are unduly elevated above the superior spine of the scapula, which gives 

 an exaggerated estimate of the height. 



General estimated height at 

 shoulder 



, ' ^ 



English measure Meters 



E. imperator, the imperial mammoth of Nortli America. 



lower Pleistocene 13' 6"-14' 4.2672 



Tbe straight-tusked elephant. E. mitiqnus of Europe. 



( ?) estimated (Pohlig, Pilgrim) at 15'-16' 4.8768 



The southern elephant of Europe. E. meridionaUs 12' 9" 3.8862 



The largest living African elephant, L. africanus 11' 3"-ll' 4" 3.4544 



The Columbian mammoth of North America, E. columJH. 9'-ll' 3.3528 



The Indian elephant of Asia, E. incUcus 9' 10"-1CK 3.048 



The true, or northern mammoth, E. primigenius (teste 



Lucas) 9' 6"-10' 6" 3.2004 



The living pigmy elephant of the Congo, L. cyclotis 



pumilio (teste Hornaday) 4' 5" 1.3462. 



The dwarfed elephant of Crete (E. antiquiis creticus), 



Malta (E. antiquus melUensis) and Cyprus 5' 1.524 



The American mastodon. Mastodon mnericanus 9' 6" 2.8956 



Hippopotami. — The hippopotamus is the invariable companion of the 

 southern elephant and later of the Elephas trogontherii; it survived even 

 in northern Europe until the middle of the Third Interglacial Stage. 

 Outside of Asia the oldest hippopotamus remains known are from the 

 Lower Pliocene of Gravitelli in Sicily;** it is compared by Seguenza 

 (1902) with the H. sivalensis of India but is clearly distinct from this 

 species. The H. hipponensis of Gaudry is confined to the Middle Plio- 

 cene of North Africa and throws no light on the phylogeny of the hippo- 

 potami. These animals appear in the Lower Pliocene of India and of 

 Sicily and in the closing Pliocene of Italy, India, and North Africa and 

 perhaps China; in the Quaternary they spread into Java, India, Mada- 

 gascar, Africa from north to south, the Mediterranean Islands, and from 

 Spain and Italy on the south to England and west Germany on the north. 

 Until additional data are secured it is difficult to decide whether this 

 family originated in Africa (Stehlin, 1899) or in Asia (Schlosser, 1903). 



Sabre Tooths. — Stromer*° has recently traced the history of the ma- 

 chserodonts in north Africa, Asia and Europe. A form closely similar to 



** Stromer, Ernst : "Mitteilungen tiber Wirbeltierreste aus dem Mittelpliocan des 

 Natrontales (Agypten). 3. Artiodactyla : Bunodontia : Flusspferd." Zelts. d. Deutsch. 

 Geolog. Ges., Band 66. Abhandl., Heft 1, pp. 1-33. 1914. 



^ Stromer, Ernst : "Mitteilungen tJber Wirbeltierreste aus dem Mittelpliocan des 

 Natrontales (Agypten).'" Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geologisch. Gesellschaft. Band 65. Ab- 

 bandl., Heft 3. pp. 350-372. 1913. 



