OSBORX. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



273 



are seen to belong, first, to the Enrasiatic Forest and Meadow Fauna, 

 only separated by specific and sub-specific differences from the Prehis- 

 toric Fauna of Europe; second, to the surviving African-Asiatic fauna, 

 including the hippopotamus, two very distinct kinds of elephant, and two 

 rhinoceroses; third, there is evidence in the late colder phases of this 

 period of the first occurrence in Europe of the Tundra Fauna as repre- 

 sented by the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). This animal is recorded in 

 the gravels of Siissenborn by Weiss. Hilzheimer^' also speaks of the re- 

 mains of reindeer as occurring both in Siissenborn and Steinheim in asso- 

 ciation with the remains of E. trogontherii. This author regards E. tro- 

 gontherii from the structure of its grinding teeth as analogous in habit 

 to the Asiatic elephant which inhabits the forests of India, and believes 

 that the presence of this animal indicates a relatively moist climate and 

 well forested country. 



In this assemblage it is noteworthy 

 that the Eurasiatic Forest and 

 hardy temperate types greatly pre- 

 dominate over the African-Asiatic 

 ty^es. This is another indication 

 that the climate was of a warm-tem- 

 perate character rather than such as 

 Qow characterizes southern Asia and 

 Africa. It follows that all the Afri- 

 can-Asiatic mammals may have been 

 well protected by hairy covering and 

 adapted to a temperate climate. 



In the caverns near Montmaurin 

 in the Pyrenees^^ we find remains of 

 an early Pleistocene fauna which 

 contains the sabre-tooth tiger {M. 

 latidens), the broad-nosed rhinoc- 

 eros (D. mercJcii), the stag (C. ela^ 

 phus), the brown hyasna {H. hrun- 

 nea striata) . 



The most typical fauna is that of 

 Mosbach in northern Baden. Here 

 there occur all the characteristic 

 mammalian types of the period, the 

 hippopotamus, the urus, the bison, 



Afbicax-Asiatic Types 

 Primates 



Homo heidelbergensis 

 Afeican-Astatic Fauna 

 Straight-tusked elephant 



E. antiquus 

 Trogontherian mammoth 



E. trogontherii 

 Broad-nosed rhinoceros 



D. merckii 

 Etruscan rhinoceros 



D. etruscns 

 Hippopotamus 



H. major 

 (?) Sabre-tooth tiger 



Machcerodus 

 Lion 



Felis leo spclwa 

 Eurasiatic Haedy Fal^na 

 Urus 



Bos primigenius 

 Bison 



Bison priscus 

 Stag, roe deer, moose, giant deer 

 Bear, lynx, badger, wild cat 

 (Late) 

 Reindeer 



Rangifer tarandvs 



" HiLZHEiMER, Max : Handbuch der Biologie der Wirbeltiere. pp. 678-679. Stuttgart, 

 1912-1913. 



^ BouLE, M. : "La Caverne a Osseraents de Montmaurin (Haute-Garonne)." L'An- 

 thropol., Vol. XIII. pp. 305-319. 1902. 



