OSBORN. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 277 



striata), with a dhole [Cyon), and other members of the warm fauna of 

 E. antiquus and D. merckii. The porcupine {Hystrix cristata) also 

 occurs here. 



The striped hyaena {H. striata brunnea) is associated with Machcero- 

 dus latidens in the cavern of Montmaurin (Haute Garonne). The 

 striped hyaena occurs at five other localities in the Pyrenees, Spain and 

 Portugal (Furninha) ; it has also been recognized in Germany (Mos- 

 bach), Austria (Hundsheim) and France (Harle, 1910, p. 40) ; it dis- 

 appears later or retires to the sou.th, while the spotted hyaena {H. cro- 

 cuta spelcea) becomes adapted to the extreme cold and survives with the 

 reindeer to the end of Postglacial times. The Carnivora of this region 

 are Felis leo spelcea, the panther (Felis pardus), the wild cat (Felis 

 catus), and the lynx {Felis pardina). 



Second and Third Glacial and Interglacial Epochs 



african- asiatic fauna 



Four great animals especially characterize this fauna : Elephas trogon- 

 therii and Hippopotamus major, Dicerorhinus merckii and Elephas an- 

 tiquus. 



Old Elephant {Elephas antiquus) .^^ — The "old elephant" or straight- 

 tusked elephant {Elephas antiquus) does not occur in France or Great 

 Britain until the Second Interglacial Stage, but it is said to occur in the 

 Arno valley of Italy during an earlier stage in which it is associated with 

 a warm fauna including the southern mammoth and the hippopotamus. 

 The typical E. antiquus is recognized by its narrow, elongated grinding 

 teeth with comparatively few plates which, combined with its skull char- 

 acters, suggest its affinity to the modern African {Loxodonta) rather 

 than to the Indian elephant {Euelephas) group. While during the first, 

 or N"orfolk, interglacial period it is confined to Itah^, in subsequent in- 

 terglacial times it wandered into northern Europe as one of the grandest 

 and most distinctive forms, attaining a very wide distribution. Pohlig 

 certainly overestimates its size^^ in assigning to it a height of 5 m. at the 

 back (16 ft. 8 in.), or 1 m. more than the mammoth, and with tusks also 

 5 m. in length. In consequence of the size and weight of the tusks, the 

 head, shoulders and fore legs were enormously developed. The same 

 writer believes that the habitat of. this mammoth retreated and advanced 



^Pohlig, H. : "Dentition nnd Kraniologie dps ElcpJias nntiQuus Falc. mit F.eitragen 

 iiber Elephas primigenius Blum, und Elephas meridionalis Nesti." Nov. Act. Ksl. Leop.- 

 CaroL Deutsch. Akad. Naturforsch., VoL LIU, No. 1, p. 326. Halle, 1888. 



^''Pohlig, H. : Eiszeit und L^rgeschichte des Menschen. Leipzig. 1!^07. 



