278 -1A\V-ILN \EW YORE ACADEMY OF SC1E\CE> 



wiih the successive ice waves and warm intergiaciai times. Because of 

 the resemblance of the grinding teeth of E. ant I qu us to those of the 

 African elephant {L. africanu-s) it has been assumed perhaps too readily 

 that this ancient elephant was characteristic of a tropical climate. It 

 resembles the African elephant in the prominence of the enamel bands 

 of the grinding teeth, which are adapted to the comminution of twigs 

 and woody food, which justifies the belief that this animal frequented 

 the forests. For these reasons Hilzheimer regards E. aniiquus as indica- 

 tive of forest conditions. 



Rhinoceroses. — The three great rhinoceroses characteristic of the Eu- 

 ropean Pleistocene are each of distinct geological value. In general 

 D. eiruscus belongs to the First Intergiaciai Stage, D. inerckii character- 

 izes the Second Intergiaciai Stage and most of the Third Intergiaciai, 

 while D. antiquitaiis is distinctive of the Fourth Glacial and the Post- 

 glacial. 



The two species first named are apparently related to the Sumatran 

 phylum (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). The D. eiruscus of the Val 

 d'Arno, of the First Intergiaciai and of the early phases of the Second 

 Intergiaciai is a relatively small animal, distinguished by brachyodont 

 grinding teeth and long, slender limbs, a small anterior and a larger 

 posterior horn. It is remotely related to the Sumatran rhinoceros but 

 differs in the absence of cutting, or incisor teeth. It is essentially a 

 browsing type. Its remains in Mauer are said (Wuim, 1912) to afford a 

 transition :o D. merclcii. 



E elated to this animal in the Second Intergiaciai Stage in Great 

 Britain, Germany, France, Italy, there appears the broad-nosed rhinoce- 

 ros known as D. megarhinus^ or D. mercl-ii. It resembles D. eiruscus in 

 its smaller anterior and larger posterior horn and in the elongation of 

 its limbs and feet, but ditfers from it in the possession of relatively long- 

 crowned (hypsodont) grinding teeth adapted to grazing habits. This 

 animal is very widely distributed geographically in the Second and the 

 first half of the Third Intergiaciai Stage, and is in most localities asso- 

 ciated with remains of the hippopotamus and "old elephant."* 



Quite distinct from these animals is the woolly rhinoceros {Diceros 

 antiquitatis. D. iiclwrhinus) which belongs with the colder climates of 

 tundra and steppe conditions and is almost invariably associated with 

 remains of the true woolly mammoth (E. primigenius). Like the above 

 described Sumatran species it lacks the front, or cutting teeth and has in 

 consequence been improperly considered as related to Dkerorhinus, but 

 reallv belongs to the modern African group of Dkeros. resembling espe- 

 ciallv the species D. simus. with which it closelv airrees in its dolicho- 



