O.^BORX. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



293 



mal life of the Fourth Glacial Stage at Achenheim and Sirgenstein near 

 the upper Ehine is divided among the various faunae as follows : 



TUiN'DRA 



Ele])has prhiiii/eiiius 



Diceros antiquitatis 



Rangifcr tarandus 



Vulpes lagopus 



Lcpiis rariahiUs 



Myotics torqiiatns 

 Steppe 



Equus germanicus (Steppe tjpe) 



Spermophilus ru fcsreiis 

 Forest 



CerviiH claplius 



Lynch us lynx 



Canis lupus 



Vulpes alopex 



Arvicola nmphibius 



Ursus spelwus 

 Alpi-xe 



Arctomys marjnrjfta 



Ibecu sp.V 



Lagopus alpinus 

 Meadow 



Bison priscus 



Bos primigenius 

 Astatic 



Hycdna spelcea 



Felis leo spelwa 



This "Lower Eodenf' stratum 

 with a fauna such as we find at pres- 

 ent in far northern Eussia registers 

 ihe coldest climate of Pleistocene 

 times, corresponding to the Second 

 Maximum of the Fourth Glacial 

 Stage. It is well knowm that this 

 Lower Eodent fauna is not local but 



After the First Maximum of the 

 Fourth glaciation the Laufen- 

 schwankung may have temporarily 

 favored the return of the Elephas 

 antiquus and D. merchii fauna as 

 far as northern France because we 

 occasionally find a glacial mixed 

 fauna where E. antiquus and D. 

 merchii occur in association w^ith E. 

 primigenius. The close of the 

 Fourth Glacial Stage or Second 

 AViirm Maximum is marked by the 

 first appearance of very numerous 

 arctic rodents, especially of the 

 banded lemming (Myodes torqua- 

 tws) type, which constitute the so- 

 called "Lower Eodent" layer. The 

 animals (Schmidt, 1912) character- 

 istic of this Lower Eodent, stratum 

 as found at Sirgenstein, Wild- 

 scheuer and Ofnet are as follows : 



TU^fDRA 



Canis lagopus 



Fostorius erminea 



Lepus variaMlis 



Myodes odensis 

 •' torquatus 



Lagopus alhus 

 Forest 



A7'vicola amphihiux 

 Meadow 



Talpa europcea 



rather a widespread phenomenon ex- 

 tending over northern and southern Germany and Belgium (Schmidt, 

 1912, p. 261). The presence of this Lower Eodent fauna at Thiede near 

 Eraunschweig in the border region of the Upper Glacial Drift of Germany 

 is of special significance, as Wahnschaffe observes. This is the classical 

 locality for lemming, the remains of lemmings being associated solely with 

 those of arctic fox, arctic hare, reindeer, musk ox and mammoth. 



