304: - AXXALs XEW YORE ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES 



Eangifer tarandus is found in the cavern of Serinya south of the Pyre- 

 nees (Torralba). It also has been recorded recently (Ohermaier) in 

 the caTern of Altamira. near Santander. The Alpine chamois (Rupi- 

 capra) occurs south of the Pyrenees and the ibex is traced to Gibraltar. 



Thus Harle^^ concludes it is certain that the "cold fauna"' of France 

 spread along the northern coast of Spain flanking the Pyrenees into 

 Catalonia, including the mammoth, reindeer, chamois, woolly rhinoceros, 

 and spreading as far west as Santander. This is also the range of the 

 Cro-Magnon race of men. 



Mammoth. — The woolly mammoth {E. primigenius) now reaches the 

 height of its evolution and specialization. As preserved in the frozen 

 tundras of northern Siberia and as represented in very numerous draw- 

 ings and engravings by the Upper Palaeolithic artists, it is the most com- 

 pletely known of all fossil mammalia. Its proportions as shown in the 

 accompan;\dng figure, which represents the information gathered from 

 all sources, are entirely different from those of either the Indian or 

 African elephant. The head is yery high and surmounted by a great 

 mass of hair and wool. Behind this is a sharp depression separating the 

 back of the head from the great dorsal hump. The hinder portion of 

 the back falls away very rapidly and the tail is short. The overcoat of 

 long hair nearly reaches the ground, and beneath this is a warm under- 

 coating of wool. 



As described by Salensky-' from the wonderfully complete specimen 

 discovered in 1901 on the banks of the Beresowka Eiver in northeastern 

 Siberia, this animal developed characters which absolutely exclude the 

 possibility of its ancestry or relationship to the existing Indian elephants. 

 The hind foot was four-toed, or tetradactyl, and not five-toed as in the 

 living forms. The head was larger as compared with the length of the 

 body than in recent elephants, a character which stands in close connec- 

 tion with the enormous development of the tusks: these were distin- 

 guished by their spiral form, the points directed inward. The ears were 

 very small and covered with hair. The tail was relatively shorter than 

 in the existing elephants and was provided with a tassel of long, bristly 

 hair at the end. The color of the hair was yellowish brown, varying 

 from light brown to pure brown, and a coat of woolly hair, 2 to 2i'2 cm. 

 in length, covered the whole bod v. Interspersed with these were a large 

 number of longer and thicker hairs which formed mane-like patches on 



^ Harl£, Edouabd : "Les Mammifere? er oiseaux quaternaires connus jusqu'ici en 

 Pormgal. Memoire suivi d'vme liste generale de ceux de la PeniBsule Iberique." Com- 

 munic. du Service Geol. du Portugal. Tom. viil. pp. 2-2-S5. pll. I-V. Lisbon. ]910. 



^ Salensky, W. : t'ber die Hauptresultate der Erforschung de.? im .Tahre 1901 am 

 rfer der Beresowka entdeckten miinnlicben Mammutcadavers." C. R. Sea. Sis. Congr. 

 IntemaT. Zool.. pp. 67-S6. Berne. ir'04. 



