OSBORN, REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 313 



Magdalenian culture, which is correlated with the Gschnitz advance 

 (Schmidt, op. cit., p. 270), is later than the Steppe period of the "UiDper 

 Eodent" layer, which is correlated with the preceding Biihl advance. 



At the same time the Cro-Magnon, or Anrignacian type of Homo sa- 

 piens, which we believe to be the artistic race of the Reindeer period, dis- 

 appears or becomes greatly reduced in numbers and new brachycephalic 

 and dolichocephalic races of men enter Europe. 



Azilian-Tardenoisian, Final Upper Palceolithic Culture. — This is re- 

 garded as the closing culture of Upper PalaBolithic times. Tt is be- 

 lieved to be associated with the newly arriving broad-headed Furfooz- 

 Grenelle race. Although this point is not positively determined this 

 race is first found at Ofnet in Bavaria. It is readily distinguished from 

 the preceding Magdalenian culture by the degeneration of the stone in- 

 dustry into microlithic and other types and by the entire disappearance 

 of art in all its forms. The Azilian culture is essentially Palseolithic 

 although it embodies only its last degenerate stages. While the perfec- 

 tion of the older crafts was lost forever the Neolithic arts of polishing 

 stone, making pottery, cultivating land and domesticating animals are as 

 yet utterly unknoAVTi. The Azilian is the age of the stag for there is no 

 longer any trace of the reindeer or other Tundra forms. The bone imple- 

 ments are now made of the horns of the stag. The Tardenoisian culture, 

 supposed by some to be distinct from the Azilian, is characterized by flint 

 microliths of unusual fineness, but it appears that the Azilian and Tarde- 

 noisian cultures are contemporary (Obermaier, 1912). 



There were two or more human races in Europe in these pre-Neolithie 

 times including brachycephalic and dolichocephalic types which are found 

 commingled at Furfooz. In the meantime Palaeolithic races were ad- 

 vancing in the north along the shores of the Baltic and preceding the 

 Campignian culture, which is the first of the Neolithic arrivals in the 

 Baltic region. 



Forest Fauna. — The spread and multiplication of the Eurasiatic For- 

 est Fauna thus occurred before the close of Palaeolithic times. Following 

 the retreat of the glaciers and the disappearance of steppe conditions of 

 climate there came a gradual subsidence of the coasts of northern Europe 

 and with it a more humid climate favorable to reforestation. Besides the 

 common squirrel (Sciuius vulgaris) which is the herald of forest condi- 

 tions all over the northern hemisphere, there appear in larger numbers 

 the entire Forest Fauna which we have traced from its befirirmino's in 

 early Pleistocene times and which we regard as having been resident in 

 favorable localities throughout the entire epoch. With the Tundra and 

 Steppe Faunas disappear also the wolverine {Gulo hisciis) and the lion 



