314 ANKALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



(Felis leo spelcea), which are never found in western Europe after the 

 Pleistocene although the lion lingered until a late period in eastern 

 Europe. 



The Alpine Fauna, which is mainly of central Asiatic rather than of 

 northern relationships, retreats to the higher levels of the Alps and the 

 Pyrenees. Thus there remained in the forests, in the plains and in the 

 lower mountain regions of Europe the direct descendants of the Eura- 

 siatic Forest and Meadow Fauna of the Pleistocene. It is noteworthy 

 that no new mammals appear in Europe at this time except those intro- 

 duced by man. The fauna of early Neolithic times is directly sequent 

 upon that of late Palaeolithic times. This fauna has been discovered in 

 the Swiss lake dwellings^^^ (Fig. 9, 38-40) at Moosseedorf, Wauwyl, 

 Eobenhausen, Concise, etc. In the peat bogs of Hassleben (41), etc., in 

 ihe travertines of Jena, Langensalza (42), etc.,^^^ have been found the 

 following mammals: 



JFOREST AND MeADOW 



Bison honasus, the European bison, still surviving in Lithuania. 



Bos primigenius, collateral ancestor of the long-horned larger existing 



cattle of western Europe. The '^urus,'* of Caesar's text. Surviving in 



Germany until the sixteenth century. 

 Bos longifrons, the "Celtic short-horn," the probable ancestor of the small 



breeds of British short-horned and hornless cattle. 

 Gefvus elaphus, the red deer or stag. 

 Cervus capreolus, the roe deer. 

 Alces machlis, the elk or moose. 

 Rangifer tar and us, the reindeer, surviving in central Europe until the 



twelfth century. 

 Cervus dama, the fallow deer. 

 8us scrofa ferus, the wild boar. 

 Siis scrofa pahistris, the turf pig. 

 Equus cahallus celticus, the Celtic pony, representative of the ''plateau" 



type. 

 Equus cahallus typicus, the Norse, or "forest" horse. 

 Castor fiber, the beaver. 

 Sciurus vulgaris, the common squirrel. 

 Lepus timidus, the European hare. 



Lepus variaMUs, the arctic hare, in Ireland and the north. 

 Mus sylvaticus, the field mouse. 



Arctomys marmotta, the marmot of the alpine fauna. 

 Ursus arctos, the brown bear. 

 Meles taxus, the badger. 



i^<> RtJTi MEYER. L. : "Die Fauna der Pfahlbaut<?n der Schweiz," Nene Denkschr. allg. 

 schweiz. Gesell. gesam. Naturwiss.. Vol. XIX. Zurich. 1862. 



1"^ POHLIG, H. : "Vovliinfige Mittheilun.sen iiber das Plistocaen. insbesoiidere Thiirin- 

 geus." Sltzungsber. Niederrhein. Ges. Bonn. pp. 2-15. Mar. 3, 1884. 



