OSBORN, REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 315 



Mustela martes, the piue marten, also the weasel, pole cat, the ermine, etc. 

 Lutra vulgaris, the otter. 

 Gulo luscus, the wolverine. 

 Canis lupus, the wolf. 

 Canis vulpes, the fox. 

 Felis catus, the wild cat. 

 Alpine 



Gapra i1)€x, the ibex of the mountain or alpine fauna. 

 Rtipicapra tragus, the chamois of the mountain fauna. 



There is evidence of the '^plateau" or "Celtic'^ horse in the Neolithic 

 deposits of Essex and of Switzerland (La Tene) ; it was widely distrib- 

 uted in Europe and Asia in prehistoric times. ^^^ 



It is beyond the purpose of this volume to trace the history of domes- 

 tication. The dog {Canis familiaris), a descendant of the wolf (Canis 

 lupus), first appears in western Europe late in Upper Palaeolithic 

 times.^^^ The Neolithic immigrants, or men of the New Stone Age, pos- 

 sessed or brought with them cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and dogs. 

 Appreciating the value of domestication, they certainly captured and 

 domesticated three indigenous European species, namely, the Celtic short- 

 horn cattle, the forest horse {E. cdballus typicus) and the Celtic horse 

 (E. cahallus celticus). The wild ox {Bos primigenius) was hunted but 

 not domesticated. The domestic ox {Bos taurus) shows many points of 

 resemblance to the Urns, but is not directly descended from it, but rather 

 from the Bos trochoceros type of the Pleistocene of Italy. Etitimeyer has 

 made an exhaustive study of this subject,^^* tracing the origin of the 

 various types of domesticated cattle. 



^ EWART, J. C. : Op. cit., 1907. 



"8 E. Trouessart considers the diminutive wolf of India, Canis pallipes, as the prin- 

 cipal if not the sole source of all our races of domestic dog. This species of wolf, with 

 the exception of the Sumatran wolf. Canis siimatrensis, is also more closely related than 

 any other to the dingo of Australia. "L'Origine prShistorique du chien domestique," 

 Revue des Idees, pp. 388-411. June 15, 1911. 



"* RtJTiMEYER, L. : "Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten der Schweiz," Neue Denkschr. allg, 

 schweiz. Gesell. gesam. Naturwiss.. Vol. XIX. Ziirlch. 1SG2. 



