﻿242 Canadian Record of Science. 



A similar phenomenon is to be seen in the folded 

 mountains of southern Spain. The old horst is here 

 broken off, and the break appears on maps as the range 

 of the Sierra Morena, which is in reality the edge of a 

 plateau, the margin of the Spanish horst. Against it are 

 piled folded mountains. The chain of the Sierra Nevada 

 abuts against the Spanish horst, just as our eastern Alps, 

 for instance, against the Bohemian mass. 



Further, a series of lines may be traced which are curved 

 in a most complicated manner, and show us the develop- 

 ment of the axes of folding. One of these curves comes 

 from far away in Asia, from Tianschan ; it reaches and 

 crosses the Caspian Sea, forms the northern edge of the 

 Caucasian folded mountains, crosses the Crimea, and 

 then follows the nortliern margin of the Balkan Moun- 

 tains. In the neighborhood of the Iron Gates it bends 

 round upon itself, follows the Siebenburgischen chain, the 

 edge of the Carpathians, and passes not far from Vienna. 



Another broader arc goes from the edge of the Alps to 

 the Gulf of Tarentum, and across Sicily to the Atlas 

 Mountains, finally bending round again toward Spain. 



Finally, an arc is described by the foldings in Greece, 

 and the large islands of the eastern Mediterranean. It is 

 the district of the Dinarian chain. 



This completes the count of the youngest foldings. 



When a general survey of Europe is made, the following 

 is observed : The oldest mountains in the north are the 

 Hebrides and the Lofotens. Against this first mountain 

 system folds are thrust over, as in north-west Scotland 

 and in the north the great folds of Norway. These are 

 mountains of the Silurian age. Here the Devonian lies 

 undisturbed. Later two new ranges of mountains have 

 been pressed against the Silurian mountains : the Armori- 

 can and the Variscian, like their predecessor, overthrust 

 on their edges. They belong to the Carboniferous time, 

 and sliow subsidences. Finally, there has been formed a 



