46 David H. Dolley, 



whole range of vital activities of the nerve cell, the results will 

 merely be summed up in terms of the nucleus-plasma relation, as it 

 has a physiological bearing. In terms of this relation, depression is 

 anatomically an upset in favor of the nucleus. Activity, on the 

 contrary, results in an upset in favor of the cytoplasm. According 

 to Verworn (1896), activity and depression are merely quantitative 

 opposites, activity being an increase, depression a decrease in the 

 intensity of vital phenomena. The quantitative opposites in Verworn's 

 physiological sense are just as much quantitative opposites as regards 

 their reciprocal mass relations. Every phase of vital phenomena, 

 from the lowest ebb to the fullest manifestation, has a corresponding 

 manifestation in form and structure. 



For the sake of completeness, the intermediate group of 

 stimuli which combine both excitation and depression must have 

 mention. Between pure excitants, of which an example anatomically 

 demonstrated as the primary factor is the mechanical excitation 

 producing surgical shock (1910), and pure depressants, such as 

 cold and hunger, there is an intermediate group whose anatomical 

 picture is that of initial excitation and final depression. This 

 corresponds to the well-known physiological distinction, first clearly 

 stated by Verworn, of which the usually cited examples are increasing 

 temperature and the anesthetics. This third group has been anatom- 

 ically confirmed. While it is undoubtedly large, probably the most 

 inclusive, it has been unquestionably identified anatomically after only 

 three forms of stimulation, namely, of heat, of the drug caffeine in 

 prolonged heavy dosage and of rabic infection. In the case of other 

 stimulatory effects so far studied, such as the intoxication from 

 intestinal occlusion, from ligation of renal blood-vessels and from the 

 waste products of muscular fatigue, and the poisoning by morphine 

 and the bromides, which on the basis of physiological knowledge 

 belong here, depression alone, the final stage, has been produced. It 

 is an entirely open question, however, as the experiments were directed 

 solely to this aim and finer differentiation was beyond the scope of 

 of the general study. The importance of these results deserves the 

 emphasis in repetition here. „It becomes anatomically possible to 



