108 NEBRASKA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



In the east where there is plenty of snow to cover both bud and 

 graft, and in the south where there is no severe cold weather, budded 

 and whole-root-graft trees are all right, but in the west and northwest 

 they are objectionable on the grounds mentioned. 



DISCUSSION. 



Youngers — Move we take up Barnard's samples of wood and 

 discuss the subject of root-grafting versus budding. 

 (Seconded, put to vote, and carried.) 



Barnard — I have samples in my grip — not la grippe, however — 

 and these samples show conclusively the relative value of root-grafted 

 and budded trees. I sent to Stephens for these samples of budded 

 trees, and they are very good. I can't see much difference between 

 the root-grafts and budded apple trees in point of growth or looks, 

 externally, although when cut open, like I have these, the proof is in 

 favor- of root grafts. Many tree agents, in order to make a sale, tell 

 customers that root-grafted trees are black-hearted. This is not so, 

 and I can prove it by these samples. [Here Mr. Barnard explained 

 his samples of tree roots and trunks, cut lengthwise to show the union 

 in budding and grafting.] You will notice this budded tree shows a 

 black place where the bud was inserted, and this is a good sample, 

 many are worse than this. This piece-root-grafted tree, you will no- 

 tice, shows scarcely a line to denote the junction between cion and 

 root. This is almost a perfect tree. Root-grafts should be put to- 

 gether at once after cutting cion and root, else a slight dark line may 

 result from too long exposure of the newly cut wood. Forty years 

 ago root-grafts were put up with root about the same length as the 

 cion ; now we use one and one-half inch root and a long cion. If 

 the cion is hardy the root will be hardy, as the tree will be on its own 

 roots by the time it is two years old. Seedlings are conducive of water- 

 sprouts, but by running a long cion deep into the ground you produce 

 roots on the cion itself and retard the development of the small piece- 

 root. As Carpenter has said, not twenty-five per cent of apple seed- 

 lings are hardy enough to withstand our winters. Concerning the 

 statement of those parties who advocate whole-root-grafts, that a piece- 

 root having no tap-root will grow a tree with none, I would say it is 

 all folly. Each variety has its own way of rooting, and the top in- 

 fluences the root, not the root the top. Take a seedling with a long 



