PREVENTING APPLE SCAB. 265 



tralia, and New Zealand. The losses to orchardists amount to thou- 

 sands of dollars every year ; hence the efforts which have been made 

 to destroy it. 



THE SOLUTION AND APPLICATION. 



The results of the Wisconsin experiments made under Prof. Golf's 

 direction are highly gratifying, so much so that Mr. Hatch, on whose 

 place the experiments were made, decided to treat his entire orchard 

 of twenty-five acres during the season of 1890. The fungicide used 

 is known as Ammoniacal Carbonate of Copper, and is prepared as fol- 

 lows: Dissolve one ounce of carbonate of copper in one quart of aqua 

 ammonia (strength 21° Bauine), and dilute in 100 quarts of water. 

 One and one-half gallons of the* diluted solution is sufficient to thor- 

 oughly spray a tree of medium size, and two gallons a large one. 

 Four ounces of carbonate of copper and one gallon of ammonia will 

 make 100 gallons of the diluted solution, sufficient to spray fifty large 

 or about seventy medium trees once. These trees should be sprayed 

 at least seven or eight times. The experiments w 7 ere made on the 

 Farneuse apple. The first trees were sprayed on the 18th day of May 

 and at intervals of two weeks after that until August 10. When the 

 first spraying was done the petals had fallen and the fruits were about 

 as large as peas. The results are so interesting that a few of the fig- 

 ures will not be out of place in this connection. 



RESULTS NOTED. 



The apples of the sprayed and unsprayed trees were picked and as- 

 sorted. Three qualities were established, necessarily on somewhat ar- 

 bitrary lines, viz: First quality, free from scab; second quality, fruit 

 showing scab spots, but of not sufficient size to distort the apples; 

 third quality, fruit more affected. Results of ammoniacal carbonate 

 of copper treatment : The Q66 apples examined, ranked first quality, 

 74.02 per cent; second quality, 24.02 ; third quality, 1.96. In a 

 check experiment, in which the trees were not sprayed, the number of 

 apples examined was 689. Of these there were in first quality 21. 4& 

 per cent; second quality, 56.75; third quality, 21.77. There can be 

 no doubt about the effectiveness of the spraying. The only question still 

 to be determined is the number of sprayings necessary to do the work 

 dfectively. Prof. Goff also suggests that one spraying be made after 

 the leaves expand, and just before the flowers have opened. It will 



