54 Indian Economic Entomology . [ YqI. H. 



the collar ; the abdomen chocolate-brown ; legs brownish ; wings hyaline, with the 

 Veins and stigma deep brown ; body enveloped in a white cottony secretion. " 



Through the labours of Lichtenstein, however, we are able, in some 

 measure, to trace the successive changes through which this insect passes. 

 From the single ^g^ of each female of the last stage comes an apterous 

 so called female [^Pseudogyne of Lichtenstein) or * Queen Aphis ' (also 

 called StammMlter, Alimutter, Fundatnx, Pseudogyne fondatrice) , which 

 becomes the founder of the colony, forms the gall, and after a number of 

 moults fills the gall with its progeny. 



Buck ton describes this ' Queen Aphis' thus — 



" Size of body, '07 x -055 inch ; 1-77 X 1-39 mill. : length of 

 antennse, '015 inch; 0'38 mill.: colour dark shining brown, ap- 

 proaching to black : form oval, flat and ridged : dorsum domed and 

 deeply marked with sutures; eyes very small: antennse and legs very 

 short, black or reddish : nectaries represented by pale papillse with a 

 median spot : Cauda rudimentary : body sparingly covered with a 

 cottony tomentuin, which is most developed at the caudal extremity : 

 rostrum very short, only reaching the second pair of feet. The progeny 

 of the Queen Aphis differs much in size and form from their parent. 

 They are of various shades of red or warm brown, and are less flattened and 

 longer in the body. When just produced, the rostrum is very long, ex- 

 tending far beyond the body, but ceases to grow, whilst the insect itself 

 rapidly increases in size and eventually exudes from its pores long silky 

 threads, which form a covering. After their moults the progeny of the 

 Queen Aphis reaches the second larval state, called the ' Emigrant wing- 

 ed^ Fseudogynes ' by Lichtenstein, when they leave the galls and fly to 

 some other food-plant and deposit small lice, which form the Gemmantia, 

 or third larval state, (the whole brood being capable of reproducing their 

 species without any connection with a male by a process of germination 

 or budding forth without being enveloped in a pellicle or pseudovum, as 

 observed by Lichtenstein ) This is the curious stage of unlimited apterous 

 reproduction, very much like that observed in the ease of the well- 

 known Phylloxera vastatrix (vine pest). Out of the numerous colonies 

 formed arises the winged viviparous females (pupiferous of Lichtenstein), 

 forming the fourth larval state, which cany back to the parent tree 

 the pupa from which issue small apterous male and female lice. The 

 latter after copulation lays the single egg from which the Queen Aphis 

 arises and another cycle commences.^ " 



Buckton describes the winged viviparous female thus : — '' Expanse of 



^ In Ent. M. M., November ]878, p. 135, Lichtenstein observes that [the emigrant, or 

 second larval form of ScMzoneura lanigera, is wingless. — E. C. C, 



^ These stages represent the ascertained facts chiefly in the case of Aploneura lentisc?, 

 Pass. 



